tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68714305253450202302024-03-12T19:28:19.837-07:00Health and BeautyKirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.comBlogger85125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-18617126206863891502016-10-10T13:54:00.003-07:002016-10-10T13:55:09.492-07:00Horners syndrome<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Horner's syndrome (sometimes referred to as <b>Horner's syndrome</b>) - a disorder of the sympathetic nerves, which leads to a violation of the innervation of the eye muscles. Visually seen a lowered eyelid, constriction of the pupil, the eye flowing and certain other motor dysfunctions. It occurs equally in people of all ages, can be congenital. In children Horner's syndrome often results in multi-colored iris, when a child's eye has a dark color, and the second - light. The disease is relatively rare, but treatment delivers hassle neurologists.<br />
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Causes of disease</h3>
Immediately the main reason for the emergence of Bernard-Horner's triad is a total violation of the section of the sympathetic nervous system. As a rule, the root of the problem lies in the medulla oblongata, where the neurons of the nucleus, walking along the optic canal to the eyes. Due to damage any parts of the nerve processes of developing a violation of the momentum transfer. This leads, in turn, to the eye pathological muscle innervation.<br />
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To date, there are three groups of causes that can lead to the defeat of these sections of the sympathetic system:<br />
<ul>
<li>birth;</li>
<li>purchased;</li>
<li>iatrogenic.</li>
</ul>
Sometimes Horner's syndrome occurs immediately at birth - for any abnormalities during embryogenesis. However, it should be noted that this type of congenital syndrome is quite rare. Much more common loss of nerve fibers due to medical treatment of neurological diseases or surgery (iatrogenic way of development syndrome). The most common pathologies that lead to the acquired forms of the syndrome of Bernard-Horner are such illnesses as:<br />
<ul>
<li>head trauma with multiple injuries of internal structures;</li>
<li>aortic aneurysm, especially complicated rassloykoy;</li>
<li>various thyroid disease;</li>
<li>malignant tumors are localized in the brain;</li>
<li>severe headaches clustered nature.</li>
</ul>
In addition, Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome may develop as a result of some rare neurological conditions such as syringomyelia.<br />
<h3>
Symptomatology</h3>
Horner's Syndrome - Symptoms fundamental symptoms of this disease is the famous triad of Bernard-Horner, which includes such states:<br />
<ul>
<li>ptosis (drooping, loss) of the upper eyelid;</li>
<li>miosis (abnormal narrowing) of the pupil;</li>
<li>enophthalmos (sticking of the eyeball).</li>
</ul>
All three symptoms occurring simultaneously, almost certainly indicate Horner syndrome. This affected only one half of the face, which is subject to effects of the triad. Apart from the usual motor disorders observed violation of sweating and tearing, redness and dilation of small blood vessels. Not constricted pupil responds not only to light, but on different medicaments. In children, congenital Horner syndrome can lead to heterochromia - due to violation of the innervation of the eyeball iris pigmented bad, and the child's eyes are a different color.<br />
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All the symptoms of such diseases as Horner's syndrome, muscle paresis explained century, the iris and the main muscles of the eye orbital.<br />
<h3>
Diagnostics</h3>
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Horner's Syndrome - Diagnosis Diagnostic postulation of the presence of the patient's syndrome Claude Bernard-Horner rests on a thorough analysis of the causes constriction of the pupil and ptosis of the upper eyelid. Primarily the doctor must use a so-called cocaine test - in the eyes of patients buried special drops with a small amount of cocaine sulfate. Normal pupil react to this medicine sharp expansion, and with the defeat of Horner syndrome extension (mydriasis) will not be observed. Using oksamfetaminovogo spot test to determine quantitatively the degree of damage of the sympathetic nerves in this syndrome. In this method, eye drops based on amphetamine also extend the pupil, but only if the third (last) neuron innervation in the eye is functioning normally. Otherwise it is damaged.<br />
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Research omission century with such diseases as Horner's syndrome is aimed at differential diagnosis to rule out conventional defeat of the oculomotor nerve. The syndrome of Bernard-Horner ptosis has an average level or a bland, sometimes barely noticeable. The pupil at the same time always narrowed. And if the oculomotor nerve is damaged, the omission of the century is quite pronounced, the pupil greatly expanded.<br />
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Further diagnosis is aimed at establishing the main causes of Horner's syndrome in order to assign the correct treatment. At the same time it fixed the degree of damage of sympathetic neurons, which affects the further course of treatment. At this stage of the studies used computer and magnetic resonance tomography.<br />
<h3>
Treatment</h3>
Horner's Syndrome - Treatment Bernard-Horner syndrome is never fatal, and in many cases, having a rather weak manifestations, almost does not cause discomfort. Active treatment of the disease is carried out only at the stage of progression. Basically, there are three areas of elimination syndrome:<br />
<ul>
<li>symptomatic;</li>
<li>neyrostimuliruyuschee;</li>
<li>reasons.</li>
</ul>
In order to certainly get rid of <b>Horner's syndrome</b>, it is necessary to reliably determine and eliminate the main patognomicheskuyu cause that has provoked the appearance of neurological disorders. In milder forms of causal treatment of disorders of the sympathetic system is enough.<br />
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In other cases, a neurostimulation currents of weak voltage. During the procedure, the damaged area through electricity passed neurons, which stimulates the muscle. Neurostimulation manner quite painful, so it should only be a high-class specialist. Horner's syndrome often leads to aesthetic and cosmetic disorders caused by paresis of the eye muscles, resulting in recommended help of a plastic surgeon. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-43152108266893770362016-10-10T13:19:00.000-07:002016-10-10T13:19:27.319-07:00Empty sella syndrome<b>Empty sella syndrome</b> - a collection of disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems and organs of vision, developing as a result of bulging membranes of the brain into the cavity sella with simultaneous compression and spreading it on the walls of one of the main endocrine glands - the pituitary gland.<br />
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Sella - this anatomical education, which is a portion of the sphenoid bone, participating in the formation of the skull base, and has a resemblance to the seats of Turkish riders, from which derives its name. The fovea is the pituitary sella - endocrine gland that produces hormones that are involved in the regulation of growth and development of the bodies of a number of metabolic processes of the body, as well as coordination of the functioning of organs and tissues. From the cranial cavity pituitary separate offshoot of the dura mater - the diaphragm sella.<br />
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The disease is more common in middle-aged (35-50 years), and women are diagnosed with it five times more often than men. According to statistics of the <b>empty sella syndrome is more common among women who gave birth more than two times</b>.<br />
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The disease is classified depending on the reason he was summoned into 2 types:<br />
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- <b>Primary empty sella syndrome syndrome</b>, which occurs without prior pituitary pathology, on the background of overall health;<br />
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- <b>Syndrome secondary empty sella syndrome</b> that develops as a result of the size reduction, either as a result of the destruction of the pituitary, increased by neoplastic processes after surgery or radiation exposure, hemorrhage into the tumor, etc. It always occurs on the background of failure sella diaphragm, which in turn may be congenital or may develop as a result of pituitary hyperplasia due to a number of diseases and physiological conditions (pregnancy, puberty, etc.).<br />
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Risk of expansion and weakening of the diaphragm rises and traumatic brain injuries, tumors and infections that affect the brain tissue and promote increased intracranial pressure.<br />
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Mechanism of empty sella syndrome is such that when the diaphragm failure meninges pressurized fluid circulating in them, are pressed into the cavity of the sella turcica, which leads to a thinning of the pituitary and the resulting disruption of its operation. Due to the transformation of the anatomical structures of the skull base disturbed pituitary control of the hypothalamus, resulting in the development of various endocrine disorders. Changing the location of the anatomical structures relative to the optic chiasm, and the lack of blood supply to the optic chiasma, develop disorders of the visual organs.<br />
<h3>
The symptoms of empty sella syndrome </h3>
The clinical picture of empty sella syndrome consists of spontaneously arising and disappearing symptoms of the nervous and endocrine systems and organs of vision. Very often, the primary form of empty sella syndrome occurs without any clinical symptoms, and can be detected incidentally during X-ray examination.<br />
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<b>Neurological symptoms</b> are almost always accompany this pathology, and tend to worsen during stressful situations. The most common symptom is a headache without a clear localization, at first light, recurring, and then turning into a constant. On the part of the autonomic nervous system has been a sharp increase in blood pressure, chills, pain in the heart, shortness of breath. Patients may complain of a lack of air, a sense of fear, pain in the abdomen and legs, as well as fever. In addition, the identified disorders of emotional and personal and volitional patient's psyche.<br />
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Disorders of the endocrine system due to lack or excess of pituitary hormones. Amid imbalance operation of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can develop diseases such as hyperprolactinemia, which leads to a decrease in sexual function, Cushing's disease, hypopituitarism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus and other metabolic disorders. <br />
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<b>Symptoms shown by the organs of vision</b> in case of defeat chiasm optic nerve - the optic chiasm, and is characterized by pain in the periocular area. Patients complain of double vision, watery eyes, a feeling of "veil" in front of the eyes, deterioration of visual acuity. When ophthalmoscopy revealed swelling and redness of the optic disc and visual field change.<br />
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Several authors describe the combination of sella syndrome with small tumors of the adenohypophysis. Thus symptoms will depend on which part of the pituitary and struck respectively, synthesis and release of pituitary hormone violated.<br />
<h3>
Empty sella syndrome - treatment and prognosis</h3>
If you suspect an empty sella syndrome is carried out biochemical analysis of blood (in the presence of metabolic disturbances) and a blood test for levels of hormones, particularly prolactin and free T4 to identify endocrine disorders.<br />
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Possible to carry out X-ray examination of the skull with an eye in the sella. The most informative diagnostic methods are <b>magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the brain</b>, which revealed signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as the expansion of the ventricles and the space occupied by the brain fluid. Thus pituitary vertical size does not exceed 3 mm and is shifted backwards or downwards.<br />
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<b>Treatment of empty sella syndrome</b> is aimed at addressing the symptoms of neuroendocrine, neurological and ophthalmic. Held drug therapy accompanying endocrine pathology, symptoms are eliminated by the autonomic nervous system. If there is pain recommended the appointment of painkillers. Despite the presence of the syndrome of the empty sella intracranial pressure, experts do not recommend to carry out its correction drugs.<br />
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Indications for surgical intervention may be seepage of cerebrospinal fluid through the bottom of the sella, which is to eliminate the bottom saddle tamponiruyut, as well as compression of the optic nerve resulting in sagging of the optic chiasm in the sella diaphragmatic opening.<br />
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Forecast syndrome empty sella heteroglossia, and often depends on the flow of related diseases of the brain and the pituitary gland. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-87722011611908867862016-10-10T10:37:00.003-07:002016-10-10T10:37:50.106-07:00Achromatopsia. Causes and symptoms<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Ahromaziya (<b>achromatopsia</b>) - a disease characterized by severe impairment of color perception, in which the patient sees the world in black and white.<br />
The disease is related to hereditary diseases, which is characterized by an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.<br />
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Sometimes, however, the disease has acquired the character and develops due to damage to the optic nerve or the central portion of the retina. Very rarely, this pathology may occur against the background of glaucoma.<br />
Most often the disease is detected in childhood.<br />
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Causes</h3>
To lead the development of achromatopsia various violations of cone body of the device. <br />
<h3>
Symptoms</h3>
This pathology is characterized by a triad of symptoms:<br />
<ul>
<li>Violation of color (total non-perception of red, green, blue shades) - the patient sees everything in black and white</li>
<li>Severe reduced visual acuity</li>
<li>Photophobia</li>
</ul>
In this disease, patients reported that they see better at twilight than in daylight.<br />
There is such a thing as "incomplete ahromaziya" - it is a condition in which color perception is reduced (but not completely lost) for all three primary colors. Patients with this pathology have higher visual acuity.<br />
<h3>
Establishing diagnosis </h3>
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In the presence of the child must always be above symptoms appear ophthalmologist.<br />
Diagnosis is based on the study of color vision by Rabkin polychromatic tables, or by using a special method - electroretinography.<br />
<h3>
Treatment</h3>
Existing treatments for this disease are ineffective. Major doctors' efforts are aimed at improving visual acuity, decreased photophobia (by wearing special glasses). <br />
<h3>
The social side of the issue</h3>
In general, children with <b>achromatopsia</b> can learn in regular schools, but must notify teachers about the presence of disease in the child.<br />
Patients with this disease are not allowed to drive vehicles (drivers may not work), and they are not taken for work and for which it is necessary to distinguish between colors. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-3791291280137334022016-10-06T02:47:00.001-07:002016-10-06T02:59:11.248-07:00Albino people<h3>
Albinism </h3>
Albinism is a congenital disease. This disease Albinism in vzroslyhpodrazumevaet absence in the skin, hair, nails, pigment and iridescent eye shells of the pigment melanin. The name "albinism" comes from the Latin "albus", which in Russian means "white." This disease is known a long time, as his descriptions are even found in the documents of ancient Rome and Greece.<br />
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<h3>
Causes of albinism </h3>
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Albinism arises because of the lack of the enzyme tyrosinase, or blockade. It is extremely important for melanin production (the name comes from the Greek word "melanos", which in Russian means "black"). Skin color is determined by the amount of melanin in it. What it is, the darker the skin. In those cases where problems with development of tyrosinase is observed, cause of albinism is considered to be a mutation in the genes. Albinism is inherited from parents. He appears in a child if both parents are carriers of the defective gene. When the defective gene is present in only one parent, albinism does not develop in children, but the body is still a mutated gene that can be passed to the next generation. This whole process is called autosomal recessive inheritance.<br />
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<h3>
Types of albinism </h3>
Albinism is divided into three types:<br />
<ul>
<li>total;</li>
<li>incomplete; </li>
<li>partial. </li>
</ul>
Albinism in people with pervasive view is observed from birth autosomal recessive. In addition to depigmentation of the skin appears dry, hyper- or hypotrichosis (often in open areas), irregularities in the sweat glands. Patients can easily develop keratomas, telangiectasia, epithelioma, actinic cheilitis and sunburn. Observed infertility, cataracts, strabismus, poor eyesight (due to refractive disorders), microphthalmia, mental retardation, abnormal development, immune deficiency (for this reason, are often vulnerable to infectious diseases), and a decrease in life expectancy. People suffer from photophobia and horizontal nystagmus. Since the pupil no pigment, they have a red hue.<br />
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Partial albinism, which is also called piebaldizmom also evident from birth. Sometimes it can be a symptom syndromes Klein-Waardenburg, Chedaka-Higashi, Mende, Cross-MakKyuzika-Breen, Tietze, Hermanski-Pudlaka. Typical manifestations are achromia areas with clear boundaries, but the irregular shape on the surface of which there are small specks of dark brown color. In general, partial albinism in humans occurs on the face, legs and abdomen, as well as the hair strands Aged color. At these spots close to the skin of increased pigmentation is often observed. This type of albinism is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.<br />
<br />
Incomplete albinism, which is also called albinoidizmom appears only hair hypopigmentation, iris eyes and skin. Very rarely observed photophobia. The reason is the low activity of tyrosinase, but its synthesis is not blocked. Partial albinism is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, at least - recessive.<br />
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Also distinguish the eye and skin and ocular albinism (xanthochromism). The cause is xanthochromism mutation in one of the 4 genes. Signs of the variety of albinism are skin, hair pigmentation, pigmentation of the iris eye and vision problems. Divided into four types:<br />
<ul>
<li>Type 1 occurs due to mutations in the eleventh chromosome. This type of albinism in humans arises from birth. Skin and hair color of milk sick, and his eyes - blue. Sometimes age can begin to make melanin: the eyes and the skin becomes slightly darker. </li>
<li>Type 2 occurs due to mutations in the fifteenth chromosome. The skin is white or light brown hair - yellow, reddish or golden brown eyes have a yellowish-brown or blue-gray color. Basically ill residents of the Sahara Desert, African Americans and Indians living in North America. Under the sun on the skin almost instantly appear freckles. </li>
<li>3 type provoking mutation in the ninth chromosome. It is very rare. The skin is brown with a reddish tinge, his eyes - red hair has a red tint. Basically ill people living in southern Africa. </li>
<li>Type 4 is also extremely rare and is caused by a mutation in the fifth chromosome. Ill mostly people living in south-east Asia. The symptoms are the same as the second type. </li>
</ul>
<h3>
Symptoms of albinism </h3>
People with albinism, the skin is very soft pale pink color, so it is easy to shine through the capillaries. The skin is very prone to the appearance of telangiectasias (spider veins), epitaleom, keratitis and sunburn. It is also a sign of albinism are very thin and soft hair, which are white, more rarely - yellow. <br />
<h3>
Treatment on albinism </h3>
Albinism in rebenkasegodnyashny day has not yet developed such methods of treatment of albinism in humans, which would be effective. It is possible to fix only squint by adjusting the eye muscles and vision, as well as partial or total types of albinism can give the skin a yellowish hue, using from 90 to 180 mg of beta-carotene per day. <br />
<h3>
Tips for patients </h3>
Even if the window is not so much the sun shines, you still need to be sure to wear sunglasses and protect the skin by special means having a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30. In hot weather, it is not recommended to go out. Clothing should be made of natural materials and cover the entire surface of the body. It is also advisable to wear hats with wide enough field. A must is a visit in the strict order of the neurologist, ophthalmologist and dermatologist.<br />
<h3>
Complications of albinism </h3>
Albinism in humans provokes complications as the physical side, and from the emotions, until the complete social isolation. Physical - skin cancer and severe sunburn. Emotional - discrimination on the part of others, depression and stress. Prevention of albinism There is only one way to avoid the disease - a genetic survey of couples who are about to become parents. Thanks to modern technology, you can easily detect defects on the part of genetics, the couple, who later become the cause of albinism in children.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-2307532405902156912016-09-13T16:09:00.001-07:002016-09-26T13:26:54.798-07:00Dermatitis on legs. The causes of dermatitis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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One of the most common skin diseases on hands and feet, which is not transmitted through contact with the patient, is a dermatitis. It can occur as a response to an allergen or infection. Equally often such a reaction on the skin is the result of diseases of internal organs, which manifest themselves in the form toxicoderma.
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Treat dermatitis on the feet and hands is possible and necessary. <b>The time required to complete relief of symptoms of the disease depends on the degree of neglect and approach to treatment.</b>
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<h2>
The causes of dermatitis of the lower and upper limbs</h2>
The reasons why there is a dermatitis on the hands and feet, depending on the type of exposure can be divided into two main groups:
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Exterior:<br />
<ul>
<li>mechanical: the result of constant friction or pressure on the skin (uncomfortable shoes, tight synthetic clothing, which has insufficient water absorbency);</li>
<li>chemicals: cosmetics (cream for the hands and feet), aggressive detergents (washing and scouring powders, cleaning and washing up, etc.)., shoes, dyed substandard dyes;</li>
<li>physical: ultraviolet irradiation, X-rays, is too high or, conversely, lower temperatures, local effects of objects heated to too high or cooled to a low temperature;\</li>
<li>biological: infections and bacteria that cause allergic dermatitis on the hands and feet or bacterial skin inflammation.</li>
</ul>
Interior:<br />
<ul>
<li>diseases of the endocrine system: diabetes, which affects the condition of vessels (angiopathy). The disease is manifested for a long time healing wounds and ulcers on the skin of hands and feet;</li>
<li>decreased immunity: causes a change in the microflora, thereby manifested skin rashes and wound formed by combing;</li>
<li>a genetic predisposition to an allergy;</li>
<li>emotional state: constant stress and nervous strain.</li>
</ul>
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Often dermatitis on the feet occur because of poor hygiene and inadequate care. This concerns not only the adults, but also children.<br />
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<h2>
Types of dermatitis that occurs in the feet and hands, and their symptoms</h2>
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Dermatitis on the hands and feet, like most diseases can be chronic or acute form. Acute disease severity is striking inflammatory in nature and is accompanied by severe itching and pain. Often, there is a burning sensation in the affected areas of the skin. In severe cases, may cause watery bubbles and areas of necrosis, which leave scars. From the above it can be concluded that treat dermatitis need to avoid serious complications.<br />
The chronic form of dermatitis is another character. Its characteristic feature is a thickening of the skin, cyanosis of the affected areas, stagnant swelling, cracking. In rare cases, there is atrophy of the skin.<br />
Types of dermatitis affecting the skin of the hands and feet, there are many. Each of them has its own distinctive features and symptoms.<br />
Most often on the hands and feet appear the following types of dermatitis:<br />
<ul>
<li>Allergic (atopic) dermatitis:</li>
<li>fitodermatit - manifested in contact with pollen and plant sap. Most manifested redness and severe itching on the hands, at least - in other parts of the body. It appears almost immediately after contact with the allergen;</li>
<li>contact dermatitis - on the external display resembles eczema. This kind of dermatitis characterized by symptoms such as swelling, rash bubbly character, accompanied by severe itching and burst after some time. The peculiarity of the nature of the contact dermatitis is two phases: latent, in which the accumulation of allergens and acute, characterized by the manifestation of clinical signs of disease;</li>
<li>toxic-allergic dermatitis - is caused by the allergen entering through the digestive tract or respiratory system.</li>
<li>Venous dermatitis - is eczema, combined with stagnant phenomena in swollen feet. Patients with this disease in the lower extremities are observed with increased skin pigmentation and veins. Quite often in the veins are blood clots. localization Place - shin area, where, along with bulging veins, redness and dryness of the skin, cracks. With delayed treatment, or a complete absence of the formation of trophic ulcers after healing scars that remain. Venous dermatitis is often a chronic form, and is hereditary. Among patients with the most common complaints of pain and heaviness in the legs, which are enhanced by long walking or staying upright.</li>
<li>Neurodermatitis - has a very strong itch on the site where there is a rash, which merges into a small spot. Over time, in this place there is detachment of the epidermis, having the form of flakes. Damaged skin sealed. The formation of cracks. Despite the fact that the disease is more of an external nature of the patient there is a general weakness and irritability with the constant itching of affected areas.</li>
</ul>
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Diagnosis and treatment characteristics</h2>
Treatment of dermatitis on the feet and hands depends on the cause of the disease, which can only install a specialist. Cure dermatitis is possible with correct and timely diagnosis. If venous dermatitis and atopic dermatitis to identify the qualified person easily enough, then to properly treat atopic dermatitis need to identify and eliminate contact with an allergen.<br />
In this case, the period of remission with the help of tests determine the allergic factor. Sometimes it may require blood tests for hormones, and sugars. In identifying the causes of dermatitis, prescribe medicines.<br />
The scheme of treatment of dermatitis following:<br />
<ol>
<li>Eliminating contact with a factor that triggers the disease.</li>
<li>Appointment of a hypoallergenic diet.</li>
<li>Appointment of antihistamine drugs. Most often it is the topical treatment of dermatitis ointment. With strong itching doctor may prescribe hormonal ointments.</li>
<li>In the presence of secondary infection to treatment immunomodulators and antibiotics added.</li>
<li>As an additional treatment is carried out physiotherapy.</li>
<li>When venous dermatitis using compression stockings or bandages of elastic bandage, which remove heavy legs and temporarily eliminate the edema of the lower extremities.</li>
</ol>
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<h2>
Alternative methods for the treatment dermatitis</h2>
Different types of dermatitis can be eliminated by using folk remedies. "It is important to remember that alternative therapies are not a panacea. They can be used as an additional means to relieve itching, eliminate dry skin and accelerate wound healing and only after consultation with your doctor. "<br />
Recipes of traditional medicine:<br />
<ul>
<li>Sandthorn ointment: 2 tsp of sea buckthorn oil mixed with 50 grams of baby cream. Treat affected areas of skin.</li>
<li>A decoction of St. John's wort, chamomile, celandine, sage, striped reduce itching and relieve inflammation. This broth is used as a foot bath.</li>
<li>For skin disinfection and removal of inflammation apply the ointment from the sap of St. John's wort. To obtain one piece of butter mixed with 4 parts of St. John's wort juice evaporated. The mixture was kept in the refrigerator over n 3 days.</li>
<li>It is equally effective on a fine grater grated raw potatoes. Because it makes compresses 2-3 times a day. Added to this recipe is to receive potato juice into a quarter cup three times a day.</li>
</ul>
Contact dermatitis treatment alternative methods permissible, but require special monitoring by the doctor and the patient, as some species of plants included in the recipes may be potential allergens that can aggravate the situation.<br />
<h2>
Prevention of dermatitis</h2>
Carefully review the causes of dermatitis on the legs, you can eliminate some of these factors. This is to some extent will be an excellent prevention. In addition, you must observe basic hygiene rules, use hypoallergenic detergents, choose clothes made of natural fabrics and comfortable shoes. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-28450314716188435772016-09-13T15:54:00.001-07:002016-09-13T16:09:40.141-07:00Adrenal crisis treatmen<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Addison's disease (aka gipokortitsizm) - is a group of clinical symptoms caused by chronic diseases of the thyroid of the adrenal cortex, resulting in inappropriate secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.<br />
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The adrenal glands are the organ that produces hormones. They consist of a core generating a stress hormone - adrenaline and the outer cortex produces steroid hormones, including cortisol and aldosterone have important functions in the body. Cortisol is involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats and sugars. Aldosterone is involved in the regulation of blood pressure through its influence on the sodium concentration in the body. Lack or absence of these hormones lead to severe metabolic disorders, which, if run, will inevitably lead to the death of the patient. Today's medicine allows you to fully make up for the missing hormones in the blood, so patients can live a normal life.<br />
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The cause of Addison's disease can be any other disease, leading to irreversible damage to the adrenal cortex. The disease occurs in about 5-10 people per 100 000. There are primary adrenocortical insufficiency, in which damaged only the adrenal glands, and secondary failure, when the system comes out of the pituitary gland, which regulates the work of the adrenal glands.<br />
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<h2>
Primary adrenal insufficiency</h2>
<b>Primary adrenal insufficiency</b> (Addison's disease classic) is the result of the destruction of both adrenal glands. The most common cause of damage to adrenal responsible for 90% of all cases, is the so-called autoimmune reaction. This is a disease in which the patient's immune system begins to attack its own tissues. If the immune system attacks the adrenal cortex, which leads to its failure. The adrenal cortex is exposed in the first phase, an increase due to the occurrence of edema limfotsitovyh. She starts to lose its properties and ceases to act as the delivery of hormones in the body in sufficient quantity. This can lead to hormonal imbalance and the appearance of <b>the first symptoms of Addison's disease</b>. At the second stage the adrenal glands are reduced or even subjected to gradual disappearance. They stop producing cortisol, and it becomes necessary to its continuous introduction.<br />
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Another cause of Addison's disease is a tumor. If the cancer takes both adrenal glands, this may impair the function that will manifest symptoms of Addison's disease. This occurs most often as a result of metastatic kidney cancer, breast and lung. To this can also cause an initial adrenal cancer, lymphoma usually present simultaneously on the two adrenal glands. In this case, the main concern should be the fight against the original cause (cancer).<br />
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia can also cause a deficiency of cortisol in the blood. This disease is inherited genetically. Adrenal hyperplasia is associated with defective synthesis of cortisol in the brain by stimulating the adrenal glands to work more hard. Those unable to secrete cortisol, secrete more androgens than necessary. As a result of sharply increased secretion of androgens while cortisol deficiency. This disease, in addition to standartynh symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, can cause a number of additional changes in the clinical picture. We were born girls can be the cause hermaphroditism. Women often leads to polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility and metabolic syndrome. In men may impair the functioning of the testes, and hence infertility.<br />
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Another disorder, leading to the development of Addison's disease - is adrenoleukodystrophy (also known as Schilder's disease). The cause of this disease is ABCD1 gene mutation responsible for lipid utilization. This damage leads to the accumulation of long chain fatty acids. These acids promote nerve damage of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system and the adverse changes in the adrenal cortex. Illness gives both neurological and typical symptoms of Addison's disease. Neurological symptoms - a muscular tremor, ataxia, disturbances of perception and hearing, as well as seizures. The first symptoms usually appear in children. There is sometimes a very acute form, when the first symptoms appear in infancy: the child is poorly developed and, as a rule, dies at the age of ten. This disease is incurable. Currently under development of gene therapy techniques. Also investigated the effectiveness of appropriate diet, low in fatty acids with a long chain.<br />
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Another rare and congenital disease in which there is a disruption of the adrenal cortex, Olgrouva syndrome (AAA). This disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner (parents must transmit defective genes). People with this syndrome have problems with the release of tears that causes dry eyeballs. Another common symptom is esophageal achalasia or its abbreviation, which interferes with normal digestion.<br />
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Temporary reduction in cortisol production can also be caused by taking medication. Some antifungal drugs, cancer, and other steroids can lead to a reduction in cortisol production, and produce symptoms characteristic of Addison's disease. After drug withdrawal symptoms of Addison's disease are retreating, and the adrenal glands return to their normal functioning.<br />
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The last group of factors contributing to the occurrence of the primary hypofunction of the adrenal cortex - infection. Bacterial (tuberculosis, bleeding in the adrenal gland during sepsis), fungal (histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis) and viral infections (infections that accompany AIDS) may cause temporary or permanent damage to the adrenal cortex. Treatment is reduced to the fight against the main disease and prevention of its complications.<br />
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<h2>
Secondary adrenal insufficiency</h2>
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<b>Secondary insufficiency of the adrenal cortex</b> is associated with dysfunction of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, in particular, highlights adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. If for any reason there is a deficiency of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and reduces the secretion of adrenal cortex hormones. And it falls mainly cortisol production, and aldosterone levels may be within normal limits. Isolation of adrenocorticotropic hormone closely related to the level of cortisol in the blood - higher levels of cortisol, the lower the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and vice versa. This is called a negative feedback, which results in a stable balance of a healthy person. In people with pituitary dysfunction levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone does not meet the rise in cortisol levels decrease.<br />
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Secondary adrenal insufficiency may also be caused by hypophysis diseases caused usually autoimmunity. This time, however, it is the pituitary gland becomes the target of the attack of the immune system and the cortisol deficiency develops again. Another reason is the pituitary tumor. The pituitary gland can also be damaged during a stroke or injury caused by external factors.<br />
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One of the common causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency is the so-called Sheehan's syndrome. In this disease there is necrosis of the pituitary gland, caused by intracranial hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock during delivery. During the development of the fetus in the mother increases hypertrophy of the pituitary gland, and, moreover, deteriorates its blood supply. If during childbirth, a large blood loss occurs, it can damage the pituitary region, which leads to irreversible damage and shock function hormone secretion.<br />
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Specific Sheehan syndrome symptoms - the sudden appearance of disorder (lack of pituitary hormones, lack of lactation, absence of menstrual cycles, decreased libido and symptoms of secondary deficiency of adrenal hormones) soon after birth.<br />
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The symptoms of Addison's disease</h2>
Chronic adrenal insufficiency is characterized by:<br />
<ul>
<li>the general weakening of the muscles;</li>
<li>inability to great physical stress;</li>
<li>tendency to fainting;</li>
<li>gray-colored coloring skin and mucous membranes, particularly on the back lines and folding hands, elbows, and other areas exposed to sunlight. Brown traces associated with too high levels of pituitary hormone - ACTH;</li>
<li>darkening of nipples, freckles and scars;</li>
<li>lower blood pressure;</li>
<li>disturbances in the metabolism and action of gonads;</li>
<li>hair loss;</li>
<li>constant feeling of cold;</li>
<li>poor tolerance of stressful situations;</li>
<li>changes in mood and behavior (depression, anxiety);</li>
<li>nausea, vomiting, impaired excretion stool, diarrhea, abdominal pain,</li>
<li>lack of appetite, emaciation, excessive appetite for salt.</li>
</ul>
The severity of symptoms depends on the amount of hormones produced. Symptoms of the disease will be amplified in the case of any injuries, infections, pregnancy and childbirth. The disease can lead to the so-called crisis of the adrenal glands - acute adrenal insufficiency, causing sudden appearance of clinical symptoms. It is manifested initially weakening, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, fever or low body temperature, and then a sharp drop in blood pressure and fainting. adrenal crisis develops on the background of chronic adrenal cortex hypofunction when a person suffering from this disorder do not accept synthetic analogs of cortisol and facing strong stress level of the situation, infection or other debilitating factor. Great stress is very high momentary demand for cortisol, and develop a strong external symptoms in the absence or insufficient quantity.<br />
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The second group of people, particularly prone to adrenal crisis, are patients with undiagnosed Addison's disease who do not take drugs at all. The third group consists of people who have a sudden damage to the adrenal glands, as a result of mechanical trauma or as a result of bleeding during sepsis. In the case of adrenal crisis in the absence of appropriate treatment, the patient is at risk of dying, so it is important to as quickly as possible the provision of appropriate drugs (hydrocortisone, physiological saline, glucose) and treatment of infections that cause this condition. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-14467221231235830232016-09-12T10:55:00.001-07:002016-09-12T10:55:40.372-07:00What does menorrhagia mean<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Heavy periods (menorrhagia) are set as the diagnosis of prolonged and or heavy menstruation. Heavy periods are characterized as menorrhagia when lasting more than 7 days, the blood loss was 80 mL and above.<br />
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What is the cause of heavy menstruation (menorrhagia)?</h2>
Heavy periods can be caused by a variety of reasons that are dangerous to health and life in varying degrees.<br />
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<ul>
<li>Hormonal imbalance. Thus, in the group of risk of menorrhagia include first of all the girls in puberty and early menopause in women - it is in these two periods is carried out radical restructuring of the body, in which the possible malfunction of the endocrine system.</li>
<li>Violation of ovarian function. Lack of ovulation can also cause hormonal imbalances and, as a consequence, - heavy menstrual period.</li>
<li>Fibroids or uterine fibroids. Benign tumors of the uterus.</li>
<li>Polyps - small benign tumors in the uterus wall, which arise as a result of high hormonal activity.</li>
<li>Adenomyosis - a condition in which the endometrium glands embedded in her muscles. This causes severe pain and bleeding.</li>
<li>The use of an intrauterine device. Abundant monthly in this case - an undesirable effect which may be the reason for the removal of the helix.</li>
<li>Complications of pregnancy. Bleeding may indicate a miscarriage (rarely, when it occurred in the normal cycle time). The cause of heavy menstrual period may also be an ectopic pregnancy.</li>
<li>Cancer. Abundant month - a rare, but possible manifestation of diseases such as uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer.</li>
<li>Inherited bleeding disorders can also cause heavy menstrual period.</li>
<li>Drugs. Heavy periods can be caused by taking certain medications.</li>
<li>A number of diseases, including pelvic, thyroid, endometriosis, liver and or kidney disease can cause heavy periods.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
What are the kinds of heavy menstruation (menorrhagia)?</h2>
Menorrhagia is divided into primary and secondary - depending on the reasons for the heavy monthly.<br />
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As there are abundant periods (menorrhagia)?</h2>
<b>The menstrual cycle is different, but has a limit of normal:</b><br />
Menstruation occurs every 21-35 days<br />
<br />Menstruation lasts for 4-5 days.<br />
<br />Total blood loss during these days is from 2 to 3 tablespoons (30 - 44 ml).<br /><br />Heavy periods (menorrhagia) is defined as a period of one menstrual cycle a woman loses more than five and a half tablespoons of blood (about 80 ml), and more.<br />
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Menorrhagia also has other symptoms:</h2>
<ul>
<li>We have to change the lining (pad) each hour for several hours.</li>
<li>The need to change the pads at night.</li>
<li>The need to use two or more pads at a time for the protection against leakage.</li>
<li>Menstruation lasts more than 7 days.</li>
<li>Large clots of blood during menstruation.</li>
<li>There severe fatigue, shortness of breath during and after menstruation (symptoms of anemia).</li>
</ul>
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How to diagnose heavy periods (menorrhagia)?</h2>
Heavy periods - a reason for examination by a gynecologist, who will also take the necessary tests on the smears (including Pap test). After examination, the doctor may prescribe an ultrasound. There may also be assigned sonogisterogramma, curettage, hysteroscopy.<br />
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<h2>
How to treat heavy periods (menorrhagia)?</h2>
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The process of treatment of menorrhagia depends on the reasons for the heavy periods and bleeding patterns. When menorrhagia is not necessary to self-medicate, as this can aggravate the situation.<br /><br />Heavy periods are subject to medical therapy, which picks up the doctor. With heavy menstruation, caused by hormonal imbalances, treatment is long-term combined oral hormonal contraceptives (COCs). COCs containing female hormones - estrogen and progesterone, and helps reduce the amount of menstrual flow, preventing the abnormal proliferation of the uterine lining (endometrium). Sometimes shows one component of oral contraceptives. Because of hormonal agents for heavy menstrual period is also used danazol (Danol, Vero danazol, dalogen).<br /><br />For the treatment of menstrual disorders and administered anti-inflammatories, such as ibuprofen (Nurofen). They help to some extent to reduce the number and duration of the bleeding.<br /><br />When heavy menstrual period due to fibroids, appoint etamzilat (Dicynonum) injections.<br /><br />Heavy periods, in some cases, they are a symptom of a dangerous disease, require surgical treatment.<br />
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<h2>
The more dangerous heavy periods (menorrhagia)?</h2>
Heavy periods, even when they are not a manifestation of the terrible disease, impair the quality of life of women. Heavy periods can also often cause anemia.<br /><br />For the prevention of menorrhagia and its complications to all women need to maintain menstruation calendar. And it is necessary to mark him not only as the timing and duration of menstruation, but also the number and nature of the discharge. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-8619136674555792092016-09-12T10:37:00.001-07:002016-09-12T10:37:45.052-07:00Rash on my body<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Rash called multiple changes on the skin and mucous membranes: the elements that are different from normal skin color, texture and appearance. The rash can be on the stomach, chest, face, arms, legs. Patients describe a rash-like spots, redness, pimples, bumps, goose, bubbles, blisters, pustules, mosquito bites, etc. type rash can sometimes indicate a disease, but to put a diagnosis on the appearance of lesions can not be, you need to consult a doctor.<br />
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<h2>
How does rash look (rash views)</h2>
Most often form a skin rash on the following elements:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>spots</b>. Spot - a red-faced portion not projecting above the surrounding skin. Redness associated with excessive influx of blood. When pressed on his finger stain disappears and reappears after discontinuation of pressure;</li>
<li><b>nodules</b> (papules) - sealed areas, slightly protruding above the skin. Most often papules are rounded or conical shape. The papules may coalesce together to form plaques, sometimes quite large in size (for example, the size of a palm). When pressed papule also loses its color;</li>
<li><b>blisters</b> (vesicles). A bottle - it is an element, usually rounded, rising above the level of the skin, and which is a cavity filled with a clear, cloudy or bloody fluid;</li>
<li><b>pustules</b> (pustules). Pustule - a vial with purulent contents. The skin at the base of pustules may also be affected by inflammation;</li>
<li><b>blisters</b> - bespolostnoy elements of round or oval, slightly elevated above the level of the skin, resulting from a limited and badly flowing edema.<a name='more'></a></li>
</ul>
These elements are called <b>primary</b>, as occur on clean skin.<br /><br />In the process of the disease appear on site rash and <b>secondary elements</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>areas of hyperpigmentation or depigmentation (skin loses its natural color, becoming either darker or discoloring);</li>
<li>flaking (flakes are formed - particles dying top layer of skin);</li>
<li>erosion (damage to the skin surface, resulting from opening of the vial and an abscess). In severe cases, ulcers can occur - a violation of the integrity of the skin, exciting all the layers of the skin - up to the subcutaneous fat;</li>
<li>when scratching - abrasions, both surface and deep;</li>
<li>cork (formed as a result of drying branches weeping surface - for example, in place of broken bubbles, pustules and ulcers and erosions);</li>
<li>lots lichenification (thickening of the skin with increased her figure), and others. </li>
</ul>
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<h2>
The rash in infectious diseases</h2>
The appearance of skin rash typical for infectious diseases, which mainly affects children: varicella (chickenpox), measles, scarlet fever, measles.<br /><br />When varicella lesions are found throughout the body, including the scalp, mucous membranes, and sometimes - even on the palms of the hands and feet. Elements of the rash appear first as specks of pink or red round shape. Then, at this location the bubbles formed. After 2-3 days blisters dry up, after they formed a crust. Simultaneously, the body may coexist rash elements at different stages. Overall precipitation continues 5-10 days.<br /><br />When rubella rash form small pink-red spots round or oval. Usually the rash appears first on the face and then spreads throughout the body. The rash usually lasts from 2 to 4 days (sometimes up to 7 days), then disappears - without pigmentation, and peeling.<br /><br />Measles is characterized by dark red (crimson) rash. In contrast to the rash with rubella, measles rash elements may merge. The rash appears sequentially: first - on the face, neck and behind the ears; on the next day - on the body, on the third day of the rash covers the extensor surfaces of the hands and feet, including the toes. Skin rash affected, becomes rough. On the fourth day after the onset of the rash begins to fade away in the same manner as occurred. In place of the more rash and a half weeks remain brown scaly spots.<br /><br />The rash of scarlet fever manifests itself as numerous very small red spots that stand out against the background of redness. The rash covers the entire body, but is most intense in the field of natural skin folds, abdomen and sides of the torso. A characteristic feature of scarlet fever is a normal skin color and the absence of lesions in the so-called nasolabial triangle (the area formed by the base of the nose and the corners of the mouth). The rash fades in 3-7 days, leaving behind pigmentation. After the disappearance of the rash, the skin starts to peel off, and on the palms of the hands and feet coming off layers.<br /><br />Also, a rash on the body is observed with herpes, enterovirus infection, syphilis, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.<br /><br />If the rash caused by an infectious disease, skin rash usually accompanied by other symptoms, primarily, and temperature increase toxicity. However, do not try to diagnose yourself, including by type of rash. Currently, the disease often occur in atypical ("blurry") forms, many of the symptoms may be absent, rash symptoms can be expressed weakly. However, the very appearance of a rash on the background of other symptoms indicating the seriousness of the disease.<br /><br />The most alarming emergence of hemorrhagic rash. These rashes are caused by rupture of the surface capillaries and are petechial hemorrhages. When the pressure-sensitive elements of hemorrhagic rash does not fade and do not fade. This rash may be indicative of meningococcal infection (meningococcal sepsis - blood poisoning). This disease is fatal, and is developing rapidly. Its initial symptoms are similar to the flu (fever, vomiting). If the rash is found, should immediately call an ambulance on this background. <br />
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<h2>
Skin rash in allergic diseases</h2>
Rash is a common allergic reaction. Allergic nature has a rash of red spots on the chest swollen abdomen, extremities, at least - on the face, quickly emerging, changing the shape and location, and are accompanied by severe itching. This condition is called urticaria. Contact dermatitis manifests itself in a rash in those places where the skin is in contact with the substance-allergen. Food allergies and allergies to medications (antibiotics, sulfa drugs group, hormones, vitamins, etc.) Can also be manifested as skin rashes.<br />
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<h2>
Rash in skin diseases</h2>
The rash on the body may also be a manifestation of skin diseases such as:<br />
<ul>
<li>acne (acne) - manifested in the form of papules and pustules on the skin of the forehead, cheeks, nose and chin;</li>
<li>psoriasis;</li>
<li>fungal infections;</li>
<li>mange (caused by microscopic parasites).</li>
</ul>
Redness of the skin is also caused by sudamen (for infants - a typical reaction to overheating), insect bites, etc.<br />
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<h2>
Where to go with a rash</h2>
Trying to independently determine the nature of the rash, it is easy to make a mistake. Therefore, in case of rashes on the skin it is necessary to consult a dermatologist or general practitioner (pediatrician, family doctor or therapist).<br /><br />If there are reasonable grounds to believe the origin of the allergic rashes should appear allergist-immunologist. Independently taking antihistamines, can achieve the disappearance of rashes on the skin, but it is worth remembering that in this case the cause of the allergy is still unknown, complex treatment is not carried out, and therefore, most likely, in the future we should expect a more severe allergic reactions.<br /><br />Turning to the "family doctor", you get expert help of experienced dermatologists, allergists-immunologists and pediatricians who will establish the cause of the rash, and appoint an effective course of treatment. <br /><br /> Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-38407838524340385242016-09-09T07:25:00.003-07:002016-09-13T16:11:06.916-07:00Long term effects of binge drinking<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alcoholism - a scourge of our modern society. The effects of alcoholism can be divided into two classes. First - this is a negative impact of alcoholic related to the deterioration of his health and the degradation of the individual. The second - the negative effects on society - namely, an increase in the number of social problems associated with alcohol abuse.<br />
<br />
<b>It is very much possible to carry personal problems drinker. For example:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>aggression and loss of self-control in a state of intoxication and hangover;</li>
<li>accidents, hypothermia or overheating of negligence in a state of extreme intoxication;</li>
<li>alcohol poisoning;</li>
<li>the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver;</li>
<li>the risk of certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases cordial;</li>
<li>the development of psychosis;</li>
<li>disability;</li>
<li>arrest for being in public places in a state of intoxication;</li>
<li>an increase of conflicts in the family and its destruction;</li>
<li>financial difficulties and crime.<a name='more'></a></li>
</ul>
<b>The social consequences of alcoholism - is to increase the number of:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>traffic accidents;</li>
<li>industrial accidents;</li>
<li>absenteeism and loss of productivity;</li>
<li>economic costs associated with the payment of disability benefits and the fight against crime in a drunken state.</li>
</ul>
Alcoholic can be recognized by their appearance. They look older than their age, their hair disheveled and dull. Face alcoholic uniform pinkish hue, which in combination with pasty efeekt is "steaming". Over the years, the vessels of the face are constantly crowded with blood, and when the person some time refrained from alkgolya this redness disappears. But against the background of general pallor emerges telangiectasia - a permanent dilation of small vessels in the skin - on the cheeks, nose edges, neck and upper chest. The skin becomes flabby.<br />
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Muscle tone is restored when receiving alcohol. Relaxed circular muscles of the face gives alcoholics distinct look. Carelessness in dress and unscrupulousness characteristic image complementary alcoholic.<br />
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Alkgolizm has a very serious mental health consequences. It - asthenia, psihopatizatsii, reduction of personal qualities (loss of interest and moral values, roughness to mental consequences also include affective disorders -.. Mood swings, aggressiveness, depression and dysphoria, suicidal In severe cases of alcoholism leads to dementia.<br />
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For alcoholics characterized by flat, tactless humor. He even referred to as "alcohol". Hallucinations, delusions of jealousy - manifestations, typical for alcoholics. Not to mention the delirious and hallucinatory-paranoid syndrome.<br />
<br />
Besides psychiatric disorders, neurological disorders alkgolizm fraught. People who are constantly receiving large amounts of alcohol, there are otsrye brain syndromes - epileptiform, cerebellar, Gayet-Wernicke syndrome. It may also be atrophy of the optic or auditory nerves - especially often it happens in the use of substitutes.<br />
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<h2>
Consequences of woman alcoholism</h2>
Female alcoholism is even more serious consequences, because women become mothers. If during pregnancy the expectant mother continues to drink, a strong likelihood that she would bear fruit with alcohol syndrome - gross morphological abnormalities. This can be wrong proportions and dimensions of the head, the face and the skull brain, body and extremities. A newborn can be ball-shaped eyes, or planted deeply recessed base of the nose or a wide bridge, underdevelopment of the jaw bones and other diseases.<br />
<br />
In addition to external signs of such children have an innate low cerebral insufficiency, which is expressed by hypermobility, lack of concentration, aggressiveness, propensity for destruction. Motor and mental development in children born to alcoholics, poor or delayed, it is difficult to acquire practical skills.<br />
<br />
When drinking parents children grow up in difficult circumstances, traumatic psyche of the child, so they often have enuresis, stuttering, night terrors, aggressiveness, stubbornness, leaves the house. Emotional behavior of such children is unstable - often have anxiety, depression, suicidal tendencies observed. Disturbances in mental development causes difficulties in training and contacts with peers. <br />
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<h2>
The consequences of child alcoholism</h2>
If a woman's body due to the physiological characteristics of alcoholism is more susceptible than men, the destky body has virtually no protection from alcohol. In order to become an alcoholic, the child just a few mestsev alcohol. And the consequences of this phenomenon are dire.<br />
<br />
Alcohol destroys immature baby's organs, especially the liver and affects the cardiovascular system.<br />
<br />
The child slows mental development, increases aggressiveness. Under the influence of alcohol children simply "lose the brakes" and their actions affect their cruelty. Not having the money to buy a new batch of alcohol, young drinkers start to beg or go to the crime scene. If not enough money for vodka, wine or beer, underage drinkers buy glue. Becoming substance abuse, they rapidly degrade mentally and physically destroy themselves.<br />
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<br />
<h2>
The consequences of beer alcoholism</h2>
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Today, beer drinking was such an extension that makes the public to think seriously about the future of the country. Deceptive opinion of young people about safety, and even the use of beer and beverage availability alkgolnogo this led to the fact that there was a lot of alcoholics among young people. Beer is alkgolizm, or normal, there is no difference - it is still dependent on alcohol, and causes great harm to the young body. And a beer alcoholism is even more serious consequences.<br />
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Regular consumption of beer leads to the development of various diseases. Young people observed violations of sexual and mental development. The toxins of alcohol contained in beer lead to the breakdown of important systems of the body. First of all, suffer brain, cardiovascular, digestive system and liver.<br />
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From the abuse of beer suffers heart. Beer is quickly absorbed by the body, so it overflows the bloodstream and increases the load on the heart. From this its border and veins dilate, which leads to a syndrome of "beer heart". It is bad pumps blood and becomes flabby.<br />
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The consequences of beer alcoholism for the nervous system are dangerous not only for the drinker, but also for the people around him. Beer leads to stupidity and aggression. And what could be worse than this combination? People are constantly drinking beer, characterized by cruelty. This drink contains the psychoactive substances present in the hops. Therefore, it has an intoxicating and mind-numbing effect. The worst thing is that the nervous system becomes accustomed to this narokticheskomu exposed, and without beer people are not able to relax, calm down and relax.<br />
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Action of beer on the brain no less damaging because this intoxicating drink it kills cells. The dead cells out of the body in the urine by filtering out by the kidneys. Dead brain cells do not regenerate, so the constant drinking person quickly grows dull. In his youth, the consequences of beer alcoholism are most pronounced, because there is a decrease of intelligence and learning ability.<br />
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Another dangerous substance is contained in beer. It cadaverine - similar cadaveric poison, rendering the brain toxicity.<br />
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Cobalt is contained in beer, leads to inflammation in the esophagus and stomach. The liver is constantly under the aggression of toxins, so there is a risk of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.<br />
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Detrimental effect on the abuse of beer and reproductive function. Alcohol contained in beer, leads to the degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, and heavy metals from the foam beverage naruyut the endocrine system. In addition, beer suppresses testosterone production, and gradually becomes a man like a woman - it expands the pelvis, chest increases.<br />
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It is clear implications beer abuse. Each year, the science is more and more evidence to support the damage of beer.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-42498104582839714212016-09-09T06:58:00.003-07:002016-09-09T06:58:40.992-07:00Fifths disease pictures<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-28567421090481749002016-09-09T06:52:00.000-07:002016-09-09T06:52:40.128-07:00Examples of stem cells<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-27839245625486514572016-09-09T06:47:00.002-07:002016-09-09T06:47:27.639-07:00Addisons disease<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Addison's disease - a painful condition of the adrenal cortex that occurs during their bilateral lesions, resulting in a decrease (or eliminate) the secretion of adrenal hormones. It is also known as "bronze disease" or chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.<br />
<br />
Addison's disease occurs when the defeat of more than 90% of the adrenal tissue. In most cases, the cause of the disease - an autoimmune process (attack its own immune system), followed in frequency should be tuberculosis.<br />
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As syndrome, chronic adrenocortical insufficiency is present in the set of inherited diseases.<br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
<h2>
Causes</h2>
<ul>
<li>autoimmune lesion of the adrenal cortex (the immune system attacks its own)</li>
<li>adrenal tuberculosis</li>
<li>removal of the adrenal glands</li>
<li>the effects of long-term hormone therapy</li>
<li>fungal infections (histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis)</li>
<li>sarcoidosis</li>
<li>bleeding into the adrenal glands</li>
<li>tumor</li>
<li>amyloidosis</li>
<li>acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)</li>
<li>syphilis</li>
<li>adrenoleukodystrophy.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
The symptoms of Addison's disease</h2>
Addison's disease is accompanied by increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), together with the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, causes darkening of the skin and mucous membranes - the hallmark of Addison's disease, and therefore it is also called "bronze."<br />
<br />
Secondary insufficiency of the adrenal cortex gland failure due to brain - the pituitary gland; Unlike primary never accompanied by skin darkening.<br />
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The manifestations of Addison's disease are made up of signs of inadequate allocation of adrenal hormones. The predominance of certain manifestations determined by the duration of the disease.<br />
<ul>
<li>Darkening of the skin and mucous membranes (when the primary failure) often for months or years ahead of other manifestations. The simultaneous presence of vitiligo is due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin color.</li>
<li>Extreme weakness (especially muscle), fatigue, weight loss, poor appetite.</li>
<li>Lowering blood pressure (hypotension), which is accompanied by vertigo. Also due to low blood pressure patients reported poor cold tolerance.</li>
<li>Signs lesions of the gastrointestinal tract: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea episodic.</li>
<li>There are mental disorders (depression, psychosis).</li>
<li>Strengthening the taste, olfactory, auditory sensitivity; you may receive an irresistible desire to salty foods.</li>
</ul>
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>The adrenal (adrenal) crises </b></span></b><br />
This extreme manifestation of Addison's disease (more info).<br />
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They are based on a sudden deficiency of adrenal hormones due to increasing demand for them, or a sudden decrease in their production against the background of already existing chronic adrenal insufficiency.<br />
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Causes of adrenal crisis:<br />
<ul>
<li>Stress: an acute infectious disease, trauma, surgery, emotional stress and other stress factors. The adrenal crises in these situations provoke a lack of adequate increasing doses of hormone replacement therapy.</li>
<li>Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.</li>
<li>Bilateral adrenal artery embolism or thrombosis of the adrenal veins (eg, during the X-ray contrast studies).</li>
<li>Removal of the adrenal glands without adequate replacement therapy.</li>
</ul>
Manifestations of adrenal crisis:<br />
<ul>
<li>lowering blood pressure,</li>
<li>stomach ache,</li>
<li>vomiting</li>
<li>impaired consciousness.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Diagnostics</h2>
<br />
Diagnosis is made endocrinologist and is reduced to identifying insufficient functionality of the adrenal cortex (to increase the synthesis of the hormone cortisol in response to a stimulating effect).<br />
Treatment of Addison's disease<br />
<br />
<b>Therapy</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Adrenal hormone replacement therapy. Apply hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.</li>
<li>Hydrocortisone 10 mg in the morning and 5 mg orally every day after dinner (adults up to 20-30 mg / day.).</li>
<li>Fludrocortisone at 0.1-0.2 mg orally 1 time a day.</li>
<li>When blood pressure increase the dose should be reduced. In acute disease (such as a cold) or after a minor trauma double dose of hormones until feeling better.</li>
<li>When surgical treatment before and (if necessary) after the surgery correcting the dose of hormones. In diseases of the liver, as well as elderly patients doses should be reduced.</li>
</ul>
<b>Diet for Addison's disease:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>A sufficient amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates and vitamins, especially C and B (recommend a decoction of rose hips, black currants, brewer's yeast).</li>
<li>Table salt consumed in large amounts (20 g / d.).</li>
<li>The diet of potato reduced the content of peas, beans, beans, dried fruits, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, nuts, mushrooms.</li>
<li>Vegetables, meat, fish should be consumed in cooked form.</li>
<li>Diet fractional before bedtime recommend a light dinner (glass of milk).</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Forecast</h2>
With adequate treatment of Addison's disease prognosis. Life expectancy is close to normal. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-81453469647906925302016-09-05T13:41:00.002-07:002016-09-05T13:49:31.729-07:00Coronary artery stenosis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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The heart, like any other organ of the human body must be supplied with blood, to get together with the blood of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary for normal heart function. Arterial blood the heart receives through the system of the heart arteries, which are called "coronary arteries."<br />
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This name is due to the peculiarities of the <b>heart arteries</b> location: it resembles the rays diverging in different directions. In another way it's like a "crown", so you can also hear the coronary arteries of the heart, which translated from Latin means also the coronary arteries.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
So supply blood to the heart muscle two arteries: <b>the right and left</b>. Each of them has a few large and many small branches. According to the purpose the left artery supplies the left ventricle and the right right. As the left ventricle is responsible for the systemic circulation, <i><b>the left artery</b></i> is more significant than the right. Although <i><b>the right coronary artery</b></i> also supplies the sinoatrial node (it is responsible for the maintenance of normal heart rhythm). With his defeat there are life-threatening arrhythmias - such as ventricular fibrillation.<br />
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Both <b>coronary artery</b> depart directly from the beginning of the systemic circulation from the bulb of the aorta. The mouths of the coronary arteries are located just behind the aortic valve and receives more blood there is in systole (like all other organs), and diastole of the heart, ie, when the heart is relaxed as much as possible.<br />
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<b>The coronary arteries of the heart</b>, like any other, made up of three layers: the inner (endothelium), middle (muscular layer) and outdoor.<br />
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So, there is coronary arteries that nourish the heart, and everything would be fine - would work the heart of ourselves, but to work, if not ill artery atherosclerosis of the heart. As in any artery of the body, in the wall of the coronary vessels can also be deposited cholesterol form plaques, narrowing of the lumen (<b>stenosis of the coronary arteries</b>).<br />
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Keep in mind that the heart arteries are very small, only 2-4 mm in diameter. To narrow this gap need much less time than, for example, narrow the lumen of the femoral artery (6-8 mm). Therefore, clinical coronary heart disease (namely, it causes coronary atherosclerosis) will be much earlier, and if not the first one.<br />
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So, what should be concluded from what has been said: the heart arteries are the same in structure as the rest of the artery. They are also affected by atherosclerosis. The diameter of the coronary artery is very small, and their closing cholesterol plaque takes less time than other vessels. Narrowing (stenosis) of the coronary arteries cause myocardial ischemia during physical activity of the body, and leads to development of diseases such as coronary heart disease.<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title=""></span></span>Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-23566189879025436352016-09-05T13:15:00.003-07:002016-09-05T13:15:55.095-07:00Attention seeking personality disorder<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Можно часто услышать, что чрезмерно эмоциональных или эксцентричных людей называют психопатами.">You can often hear that overly emotional or eccentric people are called psychopaths. </span><span title="Об истинном значении этого термина редко кто задумывается.">The true meaning of the term hardly anyone thinks. </span><span title="Психопатия же серьезное нарушение, определяющаяся чрезмерной выраженностью одной из черт личности при недоразвитости других.">Psychopathy
is a serious violation is determined by the overexpression of one of
the personality traits with the underdevelopment of others. </span><span title="В западной классификации более употребим термин «расстройство личности», а не «психопатия».">In the western classification more than use the term "personality disorder" and not a "personality disorder." </span><span title="И в этот диагноз включает в себя множество не похожих на себя расстройств.
">In this diagnosis includes a plurality of the similar not disorders.<br /></span><span title="Расстройства личности представляют собой комплекс глубоко укоренившихся ригидных и дезадаптивных личностных черт, обусловливающих специфическое восприятие и отношение к себе и к окружающим, снижение социального приспособления и, как правило, эмоциональный дискомфорт и субъективный дистресс.
">Personality disorders are complex and deep-rooted rigid maladaptive
personality traits that determine the specific perception and attitude
toward self and others, the reduction of social adaptation and, as a
rule, the subjective emotional discomfort and distress.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><span title="Причины по которым они возникают чаще всего в подростковом или даже в детском возрасте, причем каждый тип расстройства личности имеет свой характерный возраст формирования.">The
reasons on which they occur most often in adolescence or even in
childhood, and every type of personality disorder has its typical age of
formation. </span><span title="С начала своего возникновения эти дезадаптивные личностные черты уже не имеют очерченности во времени и пронизывают весь период взрослой жизни.">Since
the beginning of its inception, the maladaptive personality traits
already have delineated in time and permeate the entire period of
adulthood. </span><span title="Их проявления не ограничиваются каким-либо аспектом функционирования, а затрагивают все сферы личности – эмоционально-волевую, мышление, стиль межличностного поведения.">Their
existence is not limited to any aspect of the operation, and affect all
areas of personality - emotional and volitional thinking, interpersonal
behavior style.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Основные симптомы расстройства личности:
">The main symptoms of a personality disorder:</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Основные симптомы расстройства личности:
"></span><span title="Тотальность патологических черт характера, которые проявляются в любой обстановке (дома, на работе);
">The totality of pathological character traits that manifest themselves in any environment (home, work);</span></span><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Тотальность патологических черт характера, которые проявляются в любой обстановке (дома, на работе);
"></span><span title="Стабильность патологических черт, которые выявляются в детском возрасте и сохраняются до периода зрелости;
">The stability of the pathological traits that are identified in childhood and persist to adulthood;</span></span><br /><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Стабильность патологических черт, которые выявляются в детском возрасте и сохраняются до периода зрелости;
"></span></span><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Стабильность патологических черт, которые выявляются в детском возрасте и сохраняются до периода зрелости;
"></span><span title="Социальная дезадаптация, являющаяся следствием именно патологических черт характера, не обусловленная неблагоприятными условиями среды.
">Social maladjustment, which is a consequence of pathological character traits, not due to unfavorable environmental conditions.</span></span><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Социальная дезадаптация, являющаяся следствием именно патологических черт характера, не обусловленная неблагоприятными условиями среды.
"></span></span><br /><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Социальная дезадаптация, являющаяся следствием именно патологических черт характера, не обусловленная неблагоприятными условиями среды.
"></span></span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Расстройства личности встречаются у 6-9% населения.">Personality disorders are found in 6-9% of the population. </span><span title="Их происхождение в большинстве случаев неоднозначно.">Their origin is in most cases is ambiguous. </span><span title="В их развитии играет роль следующие причины патологическая наследственность (прежде всего алкоголизм, психические заболевания, расстройства личности у родителей), разного рода экзогенно-органические воздействия (черепно-мозговые травмы и другие не грубые повреждения мозга в возрасте до 3-4 лет, а также">Their
development is playing the role of the following causes pathological
heredity (especially alcoholism, mental illness, personality disorders
in the parents), all sorts of exogenous organic impact (traumatic brain
injury, and other not gross brain damage before the age of 3-4 years, as
well as </span><span title="пре- и перинатальные нарушения), социальные факторы (неблагоприятные условия воспитания в детстве, в результате потери родителей или воспитание в неполной семье, с родителями, не уделяющими внимание детям, больными алкоголизмом, асоциальными личностями, имеющими неверные педагогические установки).
">pre- and perinatal disorders), social factors (unfavorable conditions
of upbringing as a child, as a result of the loss of parents or
upbringing in an incomplete family, with parents, do not pay attention
to children, patients with alcoholism, antisocial personality, having
the wrong educational settings).<br /></span><span title="Кроме того, часто отмечаются следующие особенности нейрофизиологического и нейробиохимического функционирования: наличие на ЭЭГ биполярно симметричных тета-волн, свидетельствующих о задержке созревания головного мозга;">In
addition, the following features are often marked and
neurophysiological functioning neyrobiohimicheskogo: Stock symmetric
bipolar EEG theta waves, indicating the delay brain maturation; </span><span title="у пациентов с высоким уровнем импульсивности обнаруживается повышение уровня некоторых половых гормонов (тестостерона, 17-эстрадиола, эстрона);">in patients with high levels of impulsivity detected improving certain sex hormone (testosterone, 17 estradiol, estrone); </span><span title="с общим снижением уровня социальной активности больных коррелирует повышенный уровень моноаминоксидазы.
">a general decline in the level of social activity of patients correlated elevated levels of monoamine oxidase.<br /></span><span title="Существует множество классификаций личностных расстройств.">There are many classifications of personality disorders. </span><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств.">One
of the main is the cognitive classification of personality disorders
(other - psychoanalytic), which emit 9 cognitive profiles and associated
disorders.</span></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Параноидное расстройство личности
">Paranoid Personality Disorder</span></span></span></span></h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Параноидное расстройство личности.">Paranoid personality disorder. </span><span title="Для страдающего данным расстройством человека характерна тенденция приписывать окружающим злые намерения;">For human suffering from this disorder have a tendency to ascribe evil intentions to others; </span><span title="склонность к образованию сверхценных идей, самой важной из которых является мысль об особом значении собственной личности.">tendency to overvalued ideas, the most important of which is the idea of the special significance of the self. </span><span title="Сам больной редко обращается за помощью, а если его направляют родственники, то при беседе с врачом он отрицает проявление расстройств личности.
">the patient himself rarely asks for help, and if he was sent to
relatives, then the conversation with the doctor, he denies the
manifestation of personality disorders.<br /></span><span title="Такие люди чрезмерно чувствительны к критике, постоянно кем-то недовольны.">Such people are overly sensitive to criticism, is constantly someone unhappy. </span><span title="Подозрительность и общая тенденция к искажению фактов, путем неверного истолкования нейтральных или дружеских действий окружающих в качестве враждебных, нередко приводят к необоснованным мыслям о заговорах, субъективно объясняющих события в социальном окружении.
">Suspicion and the general tendency to distort facts by
misinterpretation of the neutral or friendly actions of others as
hostile, often result in unreasonable thoughts about conspiracies,
subjectively explain events in a social environment.</span><span title="Шизоидное расстройство личности
">Schizoid personality disorder</span><span title="Шизоидное расстройство личности характеризуется замкнутостью, необщительностью, неспособностью к теплым эмоциональным отношениям с окружающими, сниженным интересом к сексуальному общению, склонностью к аутистическому фантазированию, интровертированностью установок, затруднением в понимании и усвоении общепринятых норм поведения, что проявляется в эксцентричных поступках.">Schizoid
personality disorder is characterized by insularity, uncommunicative,
inability to warm emotional relationships with others, decreased
interest in sexual intercourse, a penchant for autistic fantasy,
introversion systems, difficulty in understanding and mastering of the
accepted norms of behavior, which manifests itself in bizarre actions. </span><span title="Страдающие шизоидными расстройством личности обычно живут своими необычными интересами и увлечениями, в которых могут достигать больших успехов.
">People with schizoid personality disorder usually live with their
unusual interests and hobbies, which can achieve great success.<br /></span><span title="Для них часто характерна увлеченность различными философиями, идеями усовершенствования жизни, схемами построения здорового образа жизни за счет необычных диет или спортивных занятий, особенно если для этого не надо непосредственно иметь дело с другими людьми.">They
are often characterized by enthusiasm for the various philosophies and
ideas to improve life, schemes of construction of a healthy lifestyle at
the expense of unusual diets or sports activities, especially if it
does not have to deal directly with other people. </span><span title="У шизоидов может оказаться достаточно высоким риск пристрастия к наркотикам или алкоголю с целью получения удовольствия или улучшения контактов с окружающими людьми.
">In schizoid may be sufficiently high risk of addiction to drugs or
alcohol in order to obtain pleasure or improve contacts with other
people.</span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Диссоциальное расстройство личности
">Antisocial personality disorder</span></span></span></span></h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Диссоциальное расстройство личности характеризуется обращающим на себя внимание грубым несоответствием между поведением и господствующими социальными нормами.">Antisocial
personality disorder is characterized by Noteworthy gross disparity
between behavior and the prevailing social norms. </span><span title="Больные могут обладать специфическим поверхностным шармом и производить впечатление (чаще на врачей противоположного пола).
">Patients may have a specific surface charm and impress (most doctors of the opposite sex).<br /></span><span title="Основная черта – стремление непрерывно получать удовольствие, максимально избегая труда.">The main feature - continuously striving to have fun as much as possible to avoid labor. </span><span title="Начиная с детского возраста их жизнь представляет собой богатую историю асоциальных поступков: лживость, прогулы, побеги из дома, вовлеченность в криминальные группы, драки, алкоголизация, наркотизация, воровство, манипулирование окружающими в собственных интересах.. Пик антисоциального поведения приходится на поздний подростковый возраст (">Since
the childhood of their life is a rich history of antisocial behavior:
lying, truancy, running away from home, involvement in criminal groups,
fighting, alcoholism, anesthesia, theft, manipulating others for their
own benefit .. Peak antisocial behavior falls on late adolescence ( </span><span title="16-18 лет).
">16-18).</span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Истерическое расстройство личности
">Histrionic personality disorder</span></span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Истерическое расстройство личности
"></span></span></span></span></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cJ-l3-FY4_M/V83SSZlscBI/AAAAAAAABTE/ichwa18aUkEVqNhPlMZSmbu39GmTrXlTwCLcB/s1600/the%2Bmain%2Bsymptoms%2Bof%2Ba%2Bpersonality%2Bdisorder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="the main symptoms of a personality disorder" border="0" height="182" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cJ-l3-FY4_M/V83SSZlscBI/AAAAAAAABTE/ichwa18aUkEVqNhPlMZSmbu39GmTrXlTwCLcB/s320/the%2Bmain%2Bsymptoms%2Bof%2Ba%2Bpersonality%2Bdisorder.jpg" title="the main symptoms of a personality disorder" width="320" /></a></div>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Истерическое расстройство личности характеризуется чрезмерной эмоциональностью и стремлением к привлечению внимания, которые проявляются в различных жизненных ситуациях.">Histrionic
personality disorder is characterized by excessive emotionality and the
desire to attract attention, which manifest themselves in different
situations. </span><span title="Распространенность истерического расстройства личности в популяции составляет 2-3%, с преобладанием у женщин.">The prevalence of histrionic personality disorder in the population is 2-3%, with a predominance of women. </span><span title="Часто оно сочетается с соматизированным расстройством и алкоголизмом.">Often it is combined with somatization disorder and alcoholism. </span><span title="Перечислим основные черты, характерные для данного расстройства: поиск внимания окружающих к себе, непостоянство в привязанностях, капризность, непреодолимое стремление всегда быть в центре внимания, вызывать к себе сочувствие или удивление (не важно по какому поводу).">Here
are the main features that are typical of this disorder: the search for
the attention of others to itself, the volatility in the affections,
moodiness, an irresistible desire to always be the center of attention,
to cause the sympathy or surprise (no matter for what reason). </span><span title="Последнее может достигаться не только экстравагантным внешним видом, хвастовством, лживостью, фантазерством, но и наличием у них «таинственных болезней», которые могут сопровождаться выраженными вегетативными пароксизмами (спазмы, ощущение удушья при волнении, тошнота, афония, онемение конечностей и другие расстройства чувствительности)">The
latter can be achieved not only an extravagant appearance, boasting,
mendacity, fantazerstvom, but the presence of these "mysterious
disease", which may be accompanied by pronounced autonomic paroxysms
(cramps, feeling of suffocation when agitated, nausea, Athos, numbness
and other disorders of sensation) </span><span title=".">. </span><span title="Самое непереносимое для больных – равнодушие со стороны окружающих, в этом случае предпочитается даже роль «отрицательного героя».
">The most unbearable for the patients - the indifference on the part of
others, in this case, even preferred the role of "villain".</span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Обсессивно-компульсивное расстройство личности
">Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder</span></span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Обсессивно-компульсивное расстройство личности
"></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Людям с обсессивно-компульсивным расстройством личности свойственны озабоченность порядком, стремление к совершенству, контролю над психической активностью и межличностными отношениями в ущерб собственной гибкости и продуктивности.">People
with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder characterized by concern
about the order, the pursuit of perfection, control of mental activity
and interpersonal relations to the detriment of their own flexibility
and productivity. </span><span title="Все это значительно сужает их приспособительные возможности к окружающему миру.">All this greatly narrows their adaptive capacities to the outside world. </span><span title="Больные лишены одного из важнейших механизмов приспособления к окружающему миру – чувства юмора.">Patients are deprived of one of the most important mechanisms of adaptation to the outside world - a sense of humor. </span><span title="Всегда серьезные, они нетерпимы ко всему, что угрожает порядку и совершенству.
">Always serious, they are intolerant to anything that threatens the order and perfection.<br /></span><span title="Постоянные сомнения в принятии решений, вызванные страхом совершить ошибку, отравляют им радость от работы, но тот же страх мешает им сменить место деятельности.">Persistent
doubts about the decision-making caused by the fear of making a
mistake, they poison the joy of working, but the same fear prevents them
change their place of work. </span><span title="В зрелом возрасте, когда становится очевидным, что достигнутый ими профессиональный успех не соответствует первоначальным ожиданиям и приложенным усилиям, повышен риск развития депрессивных эпизодов и соматоформных расстройств.
">In adulthood, when it becomes apparent that they have achieved
professional success does not meet the initial expectations and efforts,
an increased risk of depressive episodes and somatoform disorders.</span></span></span></span><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="В зрелом возрасте, когда становится очевидным, что достигнутый ими профессиональный успех не соответствует первоначальным ожиданиям и приложенным усилиям, повышен риск развития депрессивных эпизодов и соматоформных расстройств.
"><br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Тревожное (уклоняющееся, избегающее) расстройство личности
">Anxiety (evading, avoidant) personality disorder</span></span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Тревожное (уклоняющееся, избегающее) расстройство личности
"></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Для тревожно (уклоняющегося, избегающего) расстройство личности свойственно ограничение социальных контактов, ощущение собственной неполноценности и повышенная чувствительность к негативным оценкам.">For
anxiety (evading, avoidant) personality disorder tend to limit social
contact, a sense of inferiority and hypersensitivity to negative
evaluation. </span><span title="Уже в раннем детстве эти пациенты характеризуются как чрезмерно робкие и застенчивые, они искаженно воспринимают отношение к себе, преувеличивая его негативность, а также риск и опасность повседневной жизни.">Already
in early childhood, these patients are characterized as overly timid
and shy, they perceive a distorted attitude toward themselves,
exaggerating its negativity, as well as risks and dangers of everyday
life. </span><span title="Им трудно говорить на публике или просто обратиться к кому-то.">It is difficult to speak in public or just refer to someone. </span><span title="Потеря социальной поддержки может привести к тревожно-депрессивной и дисфорической симптоматике.
">The loss of social support can lead to anxiety and depressive and dysphoric symptoms.</span></span></span></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Нарциссическое расстройство личности
">Narcissistic personality disorder</span></span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Нарциссическое расстройство личности
"></span></span></span></span></h2>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Наиболее отчетливо проявляющиеся у людей с подросткового возраста представления о собственном величии, потребности в восхищении со стороны окружающих и невозможность переживания.">Most
clearly manifested in people with adolescent ideas about their own
greatness, delighted by the needs of others and the inability to
experience. </span><span title="Человек не допускает, что может стать объектом критики – он либо безразлично ее отрицает, либо приходит в ярость.">The man does not admit that it can become the object of criticism - he denies it or indifferent, or enraged. </span><span title="Следует подчеркнуть черты, занимающие особое место в психической жизни человека с нарциссическим расстройством личности: необоснованное представление о своем праве на привилегированное положение, автоматическое удовлетворение желаний;">It
should be emphasized features, occupying a special place in the mental
life of a person with narcissistic personality disorder: unreasonable
idea of their right to a privileged position, automatic satisfaction
of desires; </span><span title="склонность эксплуатировать, использовать других для достижения собственных целей;">the tendency to exploit, use others for their own purposes; </span><span title="зависть к окружающим или убеждение в завистливом к себе отношении.
">envy of others or belief envious attitude.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Одной из основных является когнитивная классификация расстройств личности (другая - психоаналитическая), в которой выделяют 9 когнитивных профилей и соответствующих расстройств."><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="зависть к окружающим или убеждение в завистливом к себе отношении.
"><br /></span><span title="Терапия расстройств, связанных с характерологическими отклонениями, сугубо индивидуальна.">Therapy-related disorders characterological disorders, especially individual. </span><span title="При выборе лечебного воздействия, как правило, принимаются во внимание не только диагностические и типологические характеристики, но также структура расстройства личности, возможности самоанализа и субъективное опосредование психопатологии, особенности поведения и реакций (агрессивные и аутоагрессивные тенденции), наличие коморбидной личностной и психической патологии, готовность">When
choosing a therapeutic modality, as a rule, it takes into account not
only diagnostic and typological characteristics, but also the structure
of personality disorders, the possibility of self-examination and
subjective mediation of psychopathology, behaviors and reactions
(aggressive and autoaggressive trends), the presence of comorbid
personality and psychopathology, readiness </span><span title="к сотрудничеству и достаточно продолжительному терапевтическому альянсу с врачом (что особенно важно у личностей, избегающих, жаждущих признания и диссоциальных).
">and to cooperate long enough therapeutic alliance with the doctor
(which is particularly important in individuals who avoid hungry for
recognition and dissocial).<br /></span><span title="В многочисленных исследованиях указывается на эффективность психотерапии расстройств личности, а также социально-средовых и педагогических воздействий, гармонизирующих поведение и способствующих достижению стабильной адаптации.">Numerous
studies show the effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality
disorders, as well as environmental and socio-pedagogical influences,
harmonizing behavior and contribute to the achievement of a stable
adaptation. </span><span title="Психофармакологические средства как метод коррекции расстройств личности – относительно новая концепция.">Psychopharmacological agents as a method of correction of personality disorders - a relatively new concept. </span><span title="Психофармакотерапия в данном случае не преследует цели полного купирования симптомокомплексов, формирующихся в рамках динамики расстройств личности, ее задачи ограничиваются коррекцией гипертрофирующихся до уровня психопатологических образований патохарактерологических проявлений.">Psychopharmacotherapy
in this case does not pursue the goal of complete symptom relief formed
within the dynamics of personality disorders, its tasks are limited to
the level of correction of hypertrophy of psychopathological
manifestations patoharakterologicheskih formations. </span><span title="Соответственно, лечение расстройства личности проводится в амбулаторных условиях, имеет поддерживающий характер.">Accordingly, the treatment of personality disorders is performed on an outpatient basis, it is supporting character.</span><span title=""></span></span> </span><span title="Рассмотрим наиболее характерные"></span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Рассмотрим наиболее характерные"> </span><span title=""></span></span><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title="Их проявления не ограничиваются каким-либо аспектом функционирования, а затрагивают все сферы личности – эмоционально-волевую, мышление, стиль межличностного поведения."> </span></span><br />
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span title=""></span></span>Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-81147190024725177082016-09-05T12:56:00.004-07:002016-09-05T12:56:51.798-07:00Assaultive behavior<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Patients with problems of dementia may exhibit aggression in a variety of forms: too emotionally react to words or situations that threaten and insult, get into a fight.<br />
<br />
How to respond?<br />
<br />
Any manifestation of aggression, even if it does not involve physical harm, psychological damage caused to others. Learning how to react in such situations - a task of paramount importance. The first thing that can be recommended: do not take aggressive action on your account. Even though outwardly they are directed at you, it is only because you were close.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
The patient does not change the attitude to you personally, and reaction to the world as a whole. These reactions patient is unable to control as they are associated with irreversible changes in his brain.<br />
<br />
The ability to safely respond to the aggression and take control of the situation can not arise immediately. It will come with experience, if you make the effort. But several known methods for the first time will not interfere.<br />
<br />
At the time of the aggression:<br />
<ul>
<li>If you are thoughtful and otrepetiruete his reaction in advance, aggression will not catch you by surprise.</li>
<li>If all the aggression of a loved one was unexpected for you, do not succumb to the first pulse. It works well-known method: take a deep breath, turn away from the patient and count to ten. This will allow you to calm down and, to him.</li>
<li>Any emotional response will only aggravate the situation. Do not enter the fray, try to control yourself, to keep his composure.</li>
<li>Try to show their friendliness. Show that you understand his condition, you see that it is bad, and ready to help.</li>
<li>Instead of "symmetric" response of the patient, try to divert attention from the situation that caused the aggression. Since the control of attention in dementia is weakened, the chances of successful maneuver is very high.</li>
<li>If the patient is covered by a wave of negative emotions is not the best way is to try to lock him up or limit his mobility. This will further aggravate the situation.</li>
</ul>
After the aggression:<br />
<ul>
<li>The most senseless act will be the punishment of the patient, for example, a demonstration of discontent and rejection of dialogue. Most likely, he had forgotten about the incident, and simply do not understand the reasons for the changed attitude. Try to behave as if nothing had happened.</li>
<li>When repeated attacks of anger, causing you serious concerns, consult a psychiatrist.</li>
<li>Pharmacological effects are not the best solution for patients with cognitive impairment. Sedative drugs inhibit aggressive behavior, but do not solve the problem that it provokes. In addition, they exacerbate some symptoms, negatively affecting the clarity of consciousness. If no other way, the doctor will prescribe medication, but in the future it makes sense to flexibly adjust the treatment, replacing the pills more gentle methods.</li>
</ul>
<b><i>How to uncover the cause of the aggression</i></b><br />
Try to compare the situation that preceded the manifestation of aggression. Perhaps you will find general. If you can not immediately try to take notes, which can then help to identify a pattern. To simplify the task, get acquainted with the list of common causes of aggressive behavior.<br />
<br />
The patient shows aggression when:<br />
<ul>
<li>he experiences fear or stress from an inability to perform usual activities. The realization of his inability to work with the same efficiency leads to internal conflict, which manifests itself in aggressive behavior.</li>
<li>he is aware of the loss of independence and loss of privacy. The patient is forced to take care in the most intimate procedures, which causes stress and attacks on others.</li>
<li>he feels the concerns of loved ones, their dissatisfaction with the penalties and errors committed in the performance of daily activities, and infected with the negative emotion.</li>
<li>he runs into trouble in a noisy crowded place (eg when guests arrive), or when he can not find their way. Stay in the new, as it seems, the place with strangers cause unnecessary anxiety in the patient and can generate aggression.</li>
<li>he feels physical discomfort (eg thirst), I feel pain or just tired.</li>
</ul>
Aggression can also be attributed to the loss of self-control and patient perceptions about the rules of behavior in society.<br />
<br />
The earlier disclosed the reasons for the aggression, the faster and more successful you will learn how to prevent its manifestation.<br />
<br />
If the cause of aggression is installed, it is possible to minimize its impact on the patient and to avoid unintended consequences.<br />
<br />
<i><b>How to prevent aggression</b></i><br />
<br />
If the patient is unable to cope with the usual chores or performing them very slowly, Humble. To treat it safely, you need to accept it. If you just try to hide their discontent, it will sooner or later manifest itself and cause negative response.<br />
<br />
Be aware that the perception of the patient changes due to illness. Obvious to you things are not for him. Explain to the patient their intentions and give him time to think. He now need much more time than before.<br />
<br />
The assistance must be sensitive. Otherwise, it hurts and perceived with hostility.<br />
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To criticize the actions of the patient - is another way to not only spend time wasted, but also cause aggression. It is best to avoid situations that condemns the patient to make a mistake. And if this happens, do not let your bitterness to express themselves.<br />
<br />
Monitor the emergence of the first signs of hostility (severe anxiety, restlessness). In this case, immediately try to calm the patient, distract his favorite pastime.<br />
<br />
Make sure that the patient regularly got to the doctor for the prevention of chronic illnesses. Constant malaise may also translate into aggression.<br />
<br />
If you can not find the cause of aggression independently refer to a psychiatrist.<br />
<br />
Even if you convince yourself not to react to challenging behavior, it displays a negative impact on your condition creates nervousness, tire, devastate. Therefore, care must be taken for the restoration of power immediately after the incident, and in the long run.<br />
<br />
The decision to restrain emotions in yourself can bring you nothing but harm. It is better to try to make a sore. And if you did not stand and broke down, do not torment himself with remorse. Do not forget that you live in a state of stress. Talk with friends, share with them their experiences.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-19640826796642554092016-09-05T08:47:00.002-07:002016-09-05T08:47:59.694-07:00Staph infection on neck<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Infections caused by pathogenic staphylococci, belongs to a special group. The fact that staph is opportunistic, almost always living on the human body, a common microbe in nature. Either way, the person contacts the daily.<br />
<br />
Staphylococcus aureus can produce inflammation in almost any system and any organ - the skin and subcutaneous tissue, internal organs, the nervous tissue of the brain and heart. Toxins of certain types of Staphylococcus give hospital food poisoning.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<h2>
Forms of staphylococcus</h2>
For a person of particular importance in the pathogenesis of diseases are three types of play:<br />
<ul>
<li>staphylococcus aureus causing infection in almost any organ of the body in adults and children, on the skin, mucous membranes, and even in the nervous tissue.</li>
<li>staphylococcus epidermidis, the most dangerous in premature, debilitated children and patients with immunodeficiencies, cancer.</li>
<li>staphylococcus saprophyticus is of great importance in the urinary tract infection.</li>
</ul>
Each type of staph has many strains (varieties), differing in the degree of aggressiveness and pathogenicity.<br />
<br />
Depending on the strain of certain types of Staphylococcus selectively affect certain organs.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Etiology staph infection</h2>
The cause of staph infections is a human infection by pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus (eg, nosocomial infection) or getting staph in those organs where it normally should not. Staphylococcus aureus is highly resistant to the external environment, up to six months are stored in the dried, frozen, good lives in the water and food, is not afraid of sunlight.<br />
<br />
Staphylococcus aureus is able to secrete exotoxins that affect the skin or the white blood cells (leukocytes), enterotoxins, affecting the digestive system and cause symptoms of poisoning.<br />
<br />
Also aureus allocates special substances that suppress the immune mechanisms of the body, which helps the microbes actively reproduce in the body.<br />
<br />
The source of infection - a healthy carrier of Staphylococcus (eg, parents of a child), or the patient staphylococcal infection of any shape (streptococcal, pneumonia, suppurative staphylococcal mastitis). Up to 40% of people, anyway, are infected with staphylococcus.<br />
<br />
Dangerous is a nosocomial infection with staphylococcus, as these strains are usually aggressive and resistant to antibiotics and is extremely contagious. Infection occurs:<br />
<ul>
<li>by contact from person to person through bodily contact and use of common things and hygiene items (such as with postpartum mastitis)</li>
<li>airborne, especially in relation to nosocomial pneumonia,</li>
<li>by food (with outbreaks of staphylococcal gastroenteritis)</li>
<li>through the hands of the staff who are carriers of pathogenic staphylococcus.</li>
</ul>
Especially important factors in the development of infections include:<br />
<ul>
<li>lowered immunity,</li>
<li>the use of strong medications, immunosuppressants,</li>
<li>chronic disease,</li>
<li>thyroid problems,</li>
<li>stress, environmental influences.</li>
</ul>
Especially hard staphylococcal infections occur in young children and the elderly.<br />
<br />
Immunity staphylococcus unstable, you can recover a lot of time. A specific immunization is not designed for it.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Manifestations aureus</h2>
Symptoms will depend on where the staphylococcus will be implemented and multiply further manifestations depend on the strain of Staphylococcus and aggressiveness.<br />
<br />
Staphylococcus aureus can infect virtually all systems, tissues and organs, giving the hospital staph local or general diseases. It can affect the skin, subcutaneous tissue, nervous system, kidneys, liver, lungs, urinary system, bone and occur common infecting organism (sepsis).<br />
<br />
<b>Skin lesions</b><br />
Skin lesions - pyoderma, pustular lesions occur in the defeat of the mouth of the hair follicle. Small lesions called folliculitis, deeper lesions with fiber - boils, purulent fusion hair follicles. If it affects the subcutaneous tissue there carbuncles. Most often, they occur on the neck, buttocks and thighs, on his face.<br />
<br />
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome or "scalded" leather - staphylococcal lesion in the newborn with a bright skin redness and peeling its layers.<br />
<br />
In pemphigus on the skin produces a voltage large bubbles with serous contents. It arises under the influence of staphylococcal toxins.<br />
<br />
Cellulitis and abscess arise from deep-seated tissues, being limited or a widespread purulent lesion tissue. When abscess pus limited capsule, with cellulitis spreads between the tissues, which can lead to dangerous lesions.<br />
<br />
<b>Lung injury</b><br />
Staphylococcal pneumonia etiology is very difficult to proceed, giving a massive lung damage, resistant to therapy and often lead to death.<br />
<br />
There is a severe intoxication, chest pain, shortness of breath. The lungs are formed multiple foci of pus to form abscesses.<br />
<br />
<b>Brain lesions</b><br />
With the penetration of Staphylococcus primary foci in the brain are formed abscesses and purulent meningitis.<br />
<br />
These complications are severe and life-threatening, poorly to therapy and leave residual (remaining for life) consequences often lead to disability.<br />
<br />
Manifested by fever, headaches, vomiting, toxicity, neurological symptoms. Staphylococcal thrombophlebitis of veins of the brain may be a cause of stroke.<br />
<br />
<b>Lesions of Bone</b><br />
Staph can affect bone formation with osteomyelitis, and the collapse all the layers of bones, there are pathological fractures, fistulae and pain in the affected bone may be joint damage with purulent arthritis.<br />
<br />
severe staphylococcal mastitis endocarditis are also possible, pyelonephritis, and the heaviest defeat of a staphylococcal sepsis.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Diagnostics</h2>
The basis of diagnosis - clinical picture and serological methods, foremost among which are the coagulase test and the latex agglutination.<br />
<br />
Standard coagulase test tube lasts 4 hours, but with a negative result is extended for a day.<br />
<br />
Latex agglutination test using commercial kits latex particles associated with antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus (A-protein, clumping factor and a number of surface antigens), which makes it also useful to identify specific with strains of the pathogen.<br />
<br />
It is important to pathogen inoculation with antibiotic susceptibility determination (methicillin) as staphylococci can be resistant to most conventional therapies.<br />
<br />
Additional for diagnostics will be a common blood and urine analysis, biochemical analysis and other research methods, depending on which organs are affected - an x-ray for pneumonia and osteomyelitis, ultrasound with the defeat of the liver and kidneys, etc.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Treatment of Staphylococcus</h2>
The mainstay of treatment - the struggle with the agent and deal with the consequences of his life.<br />
<br />
For purulent wounds and abscesses mainstay of treatment - surgical opening of abscesses, with further washing with antibiotics and drainage.<br />
<br />
Staphylococci are treated using modern new generation of antibiotics due to multidrug-resistant (numbness) in their usual antibiotics.<br />
<br />
Applying<br />
<ul>
<li>semi-synthetic penicillins and protected (amoksiklav, nafitsillin)</li>
<li>aminoglycosides (neomycin, kanamycin)</li>
<li>some other species (vancomycin, clindamycin, ofloxacin).</li>
</ul>
For Staphylococcus one of the treatments is phage therapy. This special "eaters" staph specific viruses selectively kill staphylococci is, for example, bacteriophage protivostafilokokovy liquid. For external use ointment treatment with antimicrobial components, antiseptics.<br />
<br />
When staph infection is extremely important use of immunomodulators and means to strengthen the immune system. Apply anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulins hyperimmune plasma, autohemotherapy, etc. Apply a multivitamin, drinking plenty of fluids and detoxification.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Forecast</h2>
Projections at the staph infection is largely dependent on the type and strain of staph, the severity of the injury and focus, the patient's age and stability of microbes to antibiotics.<br />
<br />
In nosocomial infection prognosis may be disadvantageous in death due to high resistance to microbial antibiotics and high aggressiveness of the pathogen.<br />
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Today staphylococcal infection is a leading cause of septic complications in debilitated, operated patients and infants, especially newborn and premature.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-49094395676205836582016-09-05T06:32:00.000-07:002016-09-05T06:32:38.707-07:00Epidemic examplesAny epidemic coming meant a new turn in history. Since such an enormous number of victims that caused the deadly disease could go undetected. The most striking cases of epidemics have reached us through the centuries in historical chronicles ...<br />
<h2>
Known flu epidemic</h2>
The influenza virus is constantly modified, so it is difficult to find a cure for the treatment of this dangerous disease. In world history, there are several epidemics of influenza, which claimed millions of lives.<br />
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The Spanish flu</h3>
"Spanish Flu" was another shock for the population of Europe after the First World War. This fatal disease raged in 1918 and is considered one of the strongest in the history of pandemics. More than 30 percent of the world's population has been infected with this virus, fatal ended more than 100 million cases of infection.<br />
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The epidemic of Spanish flu in Europe decimated all in a row</div>
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At that time, in order to avoid panic in society, most governments are taking any action to silence the scale of the disaster. Only in Spain, news about the epidemic were credible and objective. Therefore, the effects of the disease and received the popular name of "Spanish flu". Later this flu strain called H1N1.<br />
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Bird flu</h3>
The first data about bird flu appeared in 1878. He was described by a veterinarian from Italy Eduardo Perronchito. Its modern name H5N1 strain obtained in 1971. And the first recorded human infection with the virus were recorded in 1997 in Hong Kong. Then, the virus was transmitted from birds to humans. Ill 18 people, 6 of whom died. A new outbreak of the disease occurred in 2005 in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia. Then suffered 112 people died - 64.<br />
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Avian influenza - known disease in recent history</div>
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From 2003 to 2008, the bird flu virus has claimed 227 lives. And if that is to talk about these kinds of flu epidemic early, forget about the danger in any case it is impossible, because the immunity from viruses mutated in humans there.<br />
<h3>
Swine flu</h3>
Another dangerous type of flu - swine influenza or "Mexican", "North American influenza". A pandemic of the disease was declared in 2009. For the first time the disease has been recorded in Mexico, and then began to spread rapidly throughout the world, reaching even to the coast of Australia.<br />
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Swine strain is one of the most famous and dangerous influenza viruses</div>
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This flu variety was awarded the 6 degree of threat. However, in the world and a lot of skeptics who reacted to the "epidemic" with suspicion. As a suggestion was put forward conspiracy pharmaceutical companies, which supported the WHO.<br />
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Notable epidemics feared diseases</h2>
<h3>
Bubonic plague or Black Death</h3>
The most well-known pandemic in the history of civilization. Plague "decimated" the population of Europe in the 14th century. The main symptoms of this terrible disease have bleeding ulcers and fever. According to historians, the Black Death killed between 75 and 200 million people. Europe emptied twice. More than a hundred years of bubonic plague appeared in different places, spreading behind death and destruction. The last outbreak was recorded in the 1600s in London.<br />
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Plague of Justinian</h3>
The disease broke out in the year 541 in Byzantium. It is difficult to say the exact number of victims, but according to the average estimates, this outbreak of plague has claimed about 100 million lives. So, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, one in four died. Soon, the plague spread throughout the civilized world, including China.<br />
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The plague spread in ancient times as a pandemic</div>
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Severe consequences of the pandemic had for the whole of Europe, however, the greatest losses incurred once the great Byzantine Empire, which was never able to recover from such a blow, and soon fell into disrepair.<br />
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Smallpox</h3>
Now scientists smallpox vanquished. However, in the last regular epidemic of this disease devastated the planet. According to one version, namely smallpox caused the death of the Inca and Aztec civilizations. It is believed that the disease weakened tribes gave themselves to win the Spanish troops.<br />
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Epidemics of smallpox is now almost never happens</div>
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Also, it did not spare pox Europe. Particularly bright flash of disease in the 18th century claimed the lives of 60 million people.<br />
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Seven pandemics of cholera</h3>
Seven pandemics of cholera spread out in history from 1816 to 1960. The first cases were reported in India, the main cause of infection were unsanitary living conditions. There cholera killed about 40 million people. Many deaths brought cholera and in Europe.<br />
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Cholera epidemics are considered as one of the worst</div>
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Now practical medicine won this once deadly disease. And only in rare severe cases, cholera is fatal.<br />
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Typhus</h3>
The disease is characterized by the fact that extends predominantly in cramped conditions. Thus, only in the 20th century typhus millions of people died. Most often, a typhus epidemic broke out during the war - on the front lines and in the concentration camps.<br />
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The worst epidemic in the world today</h3>
In February 2014 the world has stirred up a new pandemic threat - the Ebola virus. The first cases were reported in Guinea, after which the fever quickly spread to neighboring countries - Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Senegal. This outbreak is already called the strongest in the history of the Ebola virus.<br />
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Ebola epidemic is considered the most dangerous in nowadays</div>
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The death toll from Ebola, according to the WHO, up to 90%, and now doctors have no effective drugs against the virus. More than 2,700 people in West Africa have already died from the disease and the epidemic continues to spread around the world ...Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-90464795770379029762016-09-04T15:52:00.001-07:002016-09-04T15:52:28.490-07:00Abscess mouth<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Peritonsillar abscess is an inflammatory process, which takes place in the tissues adjacent to the tonsils. The cause of peritonsillar abscess are pathogens. To begin the development of peritonsillar abscess just something and you need that lowered immunity. For more information about the symptoms and treatment of peritonsillar abscess medkollegiya tiensmed.ru (www.tiensmed.ru) will provide you in this article.<br />
So just for no reason at all, you peritonsillar abscess appears. This is usually a complication of chronic tonsillitis or wrong the treated angina. During exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis tonsils formed scars that do not give a release pus from the gaps (the dimples is such that you can see on his tonsils). So the pus does not follow, the microbes find a way out into nearby tissue. These fabrics in its structure is not very compact, which facilitates the ingress of microbes. At the same time the small blood vessels to dilate, and the mucosa becomes swollen and red.<br />
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What are the symptoms of peritonsillar abscess there? Peritonsillar abscess almost never develops from two sides. That's like you have already recovered from a sore throat, but her throat hurt does not stop, and it seems, on the contrary it hurts more. The pain intensified and if swallowed (even liquid). Then you suddenly jumps temperature degrees to thirty-nine, and even up to forty. The pain intensifies and begins to "shoot" to the jaw and ear. You can not speak normally and sleep. Lymph nodes under the jaw swell, and if you look in the mouth, it is easy to markedly enlarged tonsils on one hand. Swell and the tissue around the tonsils, formed lump of red color. This swelling can reach a fairly large size and prevent even breathe through the mouth. Mouth peritonsillar abscess with broadly the same can not be opened.<br />
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Do not even try to cure this disease alone. Those methods that you normally is used to treat angina, with such an abscess completely effective. If not treated peritonsillar abscess, then, if you're lucky, it will reveal an abscess in the mouth and pus drained. At some time you feel that the state facilitated, but it is only temporary. In fact, it is not the whole pus flowed, most of it remains inside, the pus will continue to accumulate as long as the amount of it will not be critical and he again breaks. If you're not lucky, the pus will flow to the soft tissues of the pharynx, spreading infection.<br />
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In no case do not mess with this condition. Peritonsillar abscess is dangerous for its complications. The patient may start bleeding, blood infection or abscess develop neck. So if you or any of your family experience these symptoms, be sure to seek medical attention immediately.<br />
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What the doctor can help you? If the abscess is ripe, it will register you to start antibiotics. If a week is the treatment fails, it will be necessary to carry out the procedure for opening an abscess. In the same case, when a patient goes to a doctor to have ripe abscess, it immediately opened and clean the cavity of pus. After surgery, you will register broad-spectrum antibiotics, painkillers and drugs relieving temperature.<br />
To prevent infection wounds required rinsing throat disinfectants (eg hlorofilliptom or furatsilinom).<br />
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Permission is granted to resolve special pills to relieve inflammation. Tiens Group in the pharmacy you can buy chewable tablets with propolis, which will help you not only faster cure any disease of the throat and oral cavity, but also to prevent their development. Chewable tablets with propolis from Tianshi is a natural and pleasant to the taste of the medicine.<br />
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Until full recovery you will need to eat only warm, soft or semi-liquid food. If you have time to see your doctor, you will be able to avoid complications and the healing process will take place quickly. Before use, you need to consult with a specialist.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-58124650498116812032016-09-04T15:31:00.002-07:002016-09-04T15:31:22.165-07:00Fifth disease contagious<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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This somewhat cryptic name hides the one of the viral disease, which is accompanied by a rash. <b>Fifth disease</b>, or infectious erythema, mainly affects children aged 5-15 years. The disease most children overcome quickly and without problems. Usually it occurs from late winter to early summer and spreads by droplet infection among children by sneezing, coughing or physical contact. The parents first notice the typical rash on the face, but the child is most infectious before the appearance of this symptom, so the problem is to prevent the spread of the disease in groups of children. The rash is an immune response to infection and actually appears in the moment when it disappears.<br />
This is one of the varieties of skin disease, which manifests itself in the form of rashes.<br />
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Symptoms of the disease</h2>
Fifth disease usually begins with fever, headache and flu symptoms, ie, nasal congestion or mild rhinitis. These symptoms pass quickly, and it seems that the disease is gone, but a few days later a rash appears on the face. In just a few days, the rash usually spreads to the trunk, arms and legs. Rarely, pain in the joints - wrists, knees or ankles. Older children and adults sometimes complain of itching caused by the rash. Additional symptoms that are sometimes associated with fifth disease include lymphadenopathy, redness, pain in the throat and a rash rarely blisters or bruises.<br />
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The typical rash</h2>
The rash starts on the face, around the nose, the nose, as if forming a pattern in the form of a butterfly. There is redness. The skin looks like a sunburn. On the fourth day there is relief of symptoms. At the beginning of the rash looks like a dark-red spots. Complete disappearance of the rash may take several weeks. The rash usually appears after a heavy physical exertion or stress.<br />
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Joint pain</h2>
Joint pain usually occurs in adults and older children. Adult joint pain more typical than rash.<br />
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Incubation period</h2>
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The incubation period of this disease is around 10-21 days. As mentioned above, the child most contagious before the rash appears. The infection is transmitted from person to person through nasal fluids of the mouth, throat, sneezing, coughing, using the common dishes, etc. In families where a child with fifth disease, other family members have a 50% chance of becoming infected. Diagnosis and Treatment Doctors usually diagnose fifth disease in accordance with the typical skin changes. To confirm the diagnosis, it is possible to carry out a blood test. Treatment in this case only directed at eliminating disease symptoms. In the case of very high temperatures can parents use antipyretics. If your child complains of itching, antihistamines may come to the rescue. For a child it is important to have a good rest, and consume lots of fluids. If your child complains of pain in the joints, you should consult your pediatrician for the appointment of a suitable treatment. About a week after the onset of symptoms the child should stay at home. It is appropriate to limit the physical activity of a sick child.<br />
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Prevention</h2>
Against <b>fifth disease</b> do not have any means of prevention, is no way to prevent the spread of the virus. As a precaution, it is advisable to focus on maintaining good hygiene - washing hands, using individual dishes, etc. Complications fifth disease most often dangerous complications in pregnant women, because they also affect the fetus. This virus is able to pass through the placenta and infect the baby, which can lead to severe anemia. If a pregnant woman learns that her surroundings are people who are suffering the fifth disease, she should immediately inform your gynecologist and consult with him.<br />
The vast majority of adult women are immune to fifth disease, because they themselves had been ill in her childhood. Serious problems occur in less than 5% of women infected during pregnancy.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-48771034660378088102016-09-04T03:31:00.000-07:002016-09-04T03:31:55.301-07:00Toe dislocation<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Dislocated toe</b> today is quite rare type of damage to the musculoskeletal system. Depending on how early dislocation was diagnosed and proper treatment will be determined by the outcome of the injury.<br />
Today, two different kinds of dislocation - in the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. In almost all cases it will be an indirect mechanism of injury (for example, a dislocation is formed as a result of falling from a height on a straightened foot or due to the impact of a hard object).<br />
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Symptoms</h2>
In the case of dislocated toe becomes simply impossible to complete the operation of the damaged finger, in this case will be shown and pronounced acute pain.<br />
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Also in the field of producing finger injury may start bleeding, and there will be a characteristic deformation of the damaged finger, there is puffiness and swelling.<br />
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In the case of dislocation toe typical patient has pain occurring in the region of the damaged finger, the deformation is not only, but also the restriction of movement. In almost all cases it is shown a pronounced deformation, resulting in to the doctor will not be hard to diagnose the type of injury, so it is enough to diagnose a simple examination of the victim.<br />
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In the first place, after the formation of dislocation, it will be necessary to ensure complete immobility of the injured limb, as there is the risk of change, and without abnormal position of the joint. That's why the affected leg will have to be fixed in the most comfortable position, thus it is possible to use a fixing bandage or bus. After that, applied to the site of injury or simple ice towel, which must be pre-moisten with cold water.<br />
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It is important to remember that strictly prohibited attempt to straighten a dislocated toe, so how to do it should only be a trauma surgeon. The most common reduction is carried out with manual techniques, and as a result there is a risk of unqualified actions only worsen the condition of the patient, and significantly increase the duration of treatment.<br />
Diagnostics<br />
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The basis of diagnosing the presence of dislocation toe data history lie, as well as defining a characteristic deformation, the position of the damaged finger, limiting functions, shortening, springy immobility, and of course, the results after carrying out X-ray, which is mandatory.<br />
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The most common dislocation of the first phalanx of the thumb, most often it is the distal, which will contribute to the largest possible freedom of movement in the joint, as well as a large functional load, which is directly on the first finger.<br />
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The second most frequent dislocations falls on a dislocated phalanx of the fourth finger. More rare are the dislocation of the middle finger of the foot. First of all it is explained by the fact that it is the middle finger of the foot has a maximum security due to their central location.<br />
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Quite often refer victims to form a dislocation of the phalanges of the toes to the side and to the rear. Extremely rare are sprains directly into the plantar side, it becomes possible as a result of a powerful ligament-capsular apparatus itself plantar region.<br />
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It should be remembered that the reduction sprained toe should be carried out before the development of soft tissue swelling began, of course, if this is possible. It is necessary to take into account the fact that after the onset of swelling occurs, it becomes quite difficult reduction of dislocation of the toes, first of all it refers to the dislocation of the middle phalanx of the plantar side, as well as dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint.<br />
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Prevention</h2>
The basis of prevention of the formation of dislocation of the toe, is the avoidance of injury that can trigger the onset of this type of dislocation.<br />
Also, in order to prevent dislocation of the toe need to become more familiar with the causes that can cause it.<br />
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Treatment</h2>
Treatment of dislocation of the closed phalanx, in almost all cases, is carried out in an outpatient setting, the same may apply here and traumatic points. In this case, the victim will receive the necessary first aid for this type of injury, after which the patient should be kept under constant surveillance.<br />
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Treatment is carried out until until complete restoration of natural support function throughout the affected area of the foot. Only after that the patient is given an extract and permission to go to work and lead a normal life.<br />
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In that case, if the dislocation was diagnosed with a closed toe phalanges, there is a need for strict observance of the following medical procedures. First of all the damaged finger is treated with tincture of iodine, and then held local anesthesia - directly into the damaged area of the finger and the distal phalanx, will be administered 10 milliliters of a 1% solution of novocaine.<br />
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In the case of trudnovpravimyh dislocation, there is a need to conduct a special thin needles directly through the distal phalanx. This borehole will be recorded in a small arc, and in some cases may be used and hoe. Not only the special needles through the distal phalanx of the damaged toe, but also the use hoe, today is simple, but also very safe procedure that is carried out without adverse effects.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yMVE_lM45n8/V8v3dpEoHSI/AAAAAAAABQw/Kq8aMgIWT7A6I3dEIlgS_wxCweb13a2XQCEw/s1600/dislocations%2Bphalanges%2Btoes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="dislocations phalanges toes" border="0" height="192" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yMVE_lM45n8/V8v3dpEoHSI/AAAAAAAABQw/Kq8aMgIWT7A6I3dEIlgS_wxCweb13a2XQCEw/s320/dislocations%2Bphalanges%2Btoes.jpg" title="dislocations phalanges toes" width="320" /></a>After that will be thrust directly on the length of a damaged finger. Parallel to this, the assistant must carry out for himself protivotyagu ankle. Further, while not quite relaxing rods in length, with one hand, and the thumb of the second hand will be immediately reduction of dislocation - on the basis of the most biased toward the phalanx, which should be completely the opposite occurring offset phalanx will be the pressure.<br />
<br />
Once the procedure is complete reposition himself, the doctor will have to verify the extensor and flexor movements in the injured finger, and all manipulations must be carried out very gently and carefully, so as not to provoke the re-formation of dislocation.<br />
<br />
Further reduction finger should be imposed special plaster bandage and held at the end of the control radiography. Using the above methods have a chance to make even the reduction of the dislocation, the formation of which occurred more than two weeks ago.<br />
<br />
<span id="goog_110276739"></span><span id="goog_110276740"></span>There are cases where the spokes will be transarticular. Thereafter damaged phalange should be bandaged using an adhesive patch, which is applied to multiple layers. These manipulations will be enough for further immobilization. About the second or third day can weaken the dressing, whereby it must be re-strengthened by using adhesive tape.<br />
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It is through the use of adhesive tape there is a great opportunity to have from the first days after the injury, to carry out active movements directly into the joint area of the damaged finger, with this process and will provide a positive impact on its core functions, which will gradually recover.<br />
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In the event that occurred multiple <b>dislocations phalanges toes</b>, and they are combined to form fractures, then immobilization will be conducted using a plaster cast, to boot the like, wherein the term immobilization itself will depend directly on how many dislocated fingers (in and an average of one to three weeks).<br />
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Full restoration of disability occurs in about the third or fourth week after the procedure reposition of dislocation.<br />
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In the case of the chronic dislocation of the thumb there is a need for immediate surgery. In the case of the operation, about two or three weeks there is a satisfactory recovery of the desired range of motion in the affected joint.<br />
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If after an injury took too much time, even if the implementation of open reduction of dislocation will not always give a positive result. In such cases, there is a need for resection of the base of the proximal phalanx.<br />
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This will continue to be imposed special skeletal traction by means of the tire to have been fixed constriction of soft tissues, as well as create the correct diastasis between the head of the metatarsal bones and phalanges of the resected portion of the base, recovering the correct position of the damaged finger.<br />
<br />
To date, one of the most effective and common treatments dislocation toe is just a conservative. After reduction of dislocation is completed, using Adhesive bandages becomes possible to obtain not only favorable functional and anatomic findings.<br />
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All patients who had held unsuccessful closed reduction, as well as the presence of chronic dislocations of phalanxes of toes, is assigned to conduct surgery. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-83581838148447745562016-09-04T02:56:00.002-07:002016-09-04T02:56:56.095-07:00Nitrates in urine causes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The presence of nitrates (not nitrites) in the urine is relatively normal, especially given the current food (food additives, rapid methods of cultivation of plants and animals). But during the health problems in the bladder may appear and actively breed bacteria. They secrete a special enzyme and under the influence of nitrates start to turn into nitrites, showing up at the same time in the urine.<br />
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The infection in this case is located in the upper part of the urinary system (pyelonephritis) or lower (cystitis, urethritis). In the first case it is much worse treatment, and diagnostics. Usually nitrites in urine discover when they begin to exhibit other symptoms: pain, impaired urination, chills, fever.<br />
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The most common bacteria that causes this kind of infection - Escherichia coli (E.coli). It is present in the colon, stomach, around the anus and in the stool. But there may be others.<br />
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<h2>
What is nitrite and where they come from?</h2>
Nitrites are formed from nitrates in the urine (both are - nitrogen compounds). Nitrates are contained in large quantities in vegetable products and fall directly into the urinary tract from the blood. They are filtered in the kidney, and then gradually concentrated in the bladder. Responsible for the formation of nitrite by bacteria. However, the actual "responsibility" in front of the body for these same microbes are nitrites. Rather, it is simply a side effect of the presence of bacteria in urine, their trail. Normally nitrite in urine should be, since there should be no bacteria. Therefore, detection of nitrite - rapid microbial growth indicator in the urinary tract.<br />
<h2>
What is the test for nitrates?</h2>
First of all, we must understand that it is a rapid test. That is, when a reply is "yes-no". Or bacteria have, or not. The researcher does not know exactly how much and what kind of bacteria they are sensitive to some antibiotics, in which urinary systems proliferate. Therefore, any, even the most modern test strip for the detection of nitrite is no substitute for the same "banal" urinalysis. Moreover, if the infection is caused by Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas (and it happens quite often), nitrite is not defined at all, because these two families of microorganisms nitrates are not processed. But the trouble man delivered a great many (cystitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria, usually become chronic and difficult to treat).<br />
<h2>
What if there are nitrites, and no symptoms?</h2>
In this case we are dealing with asymptomatic bacteriuria or false positive test result. When a urine sample, which revealed nitrites, bacteria and absent any signs of inflammation, the analysis will have to redo it. If identified and nitrites, and bacteria - should begin treatment immediately.<br />
<h2>
Nitrite in the urine of adult</h2>
<h3>
Is Different nitrites in the urine of women and men?</h3>
Of course no. As bacteria and nitrite produced by the bacteria - quite the same. The male and female urinary systems differ only in the final section: the urethra in women is short and relatively wide, and men - long and narrow. That is why the laboratories to make allowances for a different degree of contamination of the material collected from men and women. Contamination of the sample is of fundamental importance, because during storage (for example, waiting for transport to the laboratory) bacteria actively proliferate first by absorbing nitrates and then die from a lack of nutrients, causing the amount of nitrite is also gradually reduced. Changes and reliability of results. <br />
<h3>
The most frequent reasons for the detection of nitrite in the urine of women:</h3>
<ul>
<li>cystitis;</li>
<li>urethritis;</li>
<li>pyelonephritis.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
The most frequent reasons for the detection of nitrite in the urine of men:</h3>
<ul>
<li>BPH;</li>
<li>cystitis;</li>
<li>inflammation of the ureter (usually within urolithiasis accession secondary infection);</li>
<li>pyelonephritis.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Nitrites in the urine of the child</h2>
In order to synthesize many microorganisms had nitrite, able to determine how much longer the test strip, the urine should be located in the bladder 4 hours or more. Typically, these conditions are satisfied first morning urine sample. The daily dose can be taken, too, but it is important to bear this time interval between urination.<br />
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Thus, in order to be exactly sure of the correctness of the result, you need to pass concentrated urine. However, in practice this is not always feasible. For example, a child with a slight rise in body temperature suspected SARS, are beginning desoldering, according to the pediatrician's recommendations. Become more frequent urination, urine becomes less concentrated, even the most "first morning". And when the doctor comes to the idea of a possible urinary tract infection and directs the child to the analysis, the laboratory defines a large number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and even protein in the sample - but nitrite, as well as bacteria, there may be missing. Ideally, of course, to avoid false-negative test result on nitrites, liquid reception on the eve of a urine should be limited.<br />
<h2>
Nitrite in infants</h2>
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Urine, taken for analysis in infants, should be transported to the laboratory as soon as possible, and here's why:<br />
<ol>
<li>Collection analysis is usually difficult: Kids with incomprehension are attempting to tie the bag and cause urination at any capacity. Thus, many times increases the probability of falling into the urine bacteria from the skin of the kid and adult hands.</li>
<li>Careful hygiene of the urethra is also difficult.</li>
<li>Boys up to a year is likely inflammation of the foreskin, and it means - further colonization by bacteria of urine. It increases the likelihood of a false positive result.</li>
</ol>
In most cases, a bacterial infection in infants is localized in the bladder, and, interestingly enough, there are cases "mixed infection" - a combination of bacterial growth with active reproduction in the bladder of various herpes viruses.<br />
<h2>
Nitrite in the urine during pregnancy</h2>
A positive result in the nitrite in pregnant women requires more attention: first of all obstetricians fear pyelonephritis. Inflammation of the kidney, both acute and chronic, can cause miscarriage, intrauterine infections, eclampsia, high blood pressure (which in itself worsens the blood supply to the fetus). Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-34271071384616295122016-09-03T16:46:00.000-07:002016-09-13T16:11:28.621-07:00Dermatitis on eyes<h2>
Causes of atopic dermatitis century</h2>
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Atopic dermatitis century in most cases is the same reason - use of improper chemicals. Most often, this decorative cosmetics, skin care products or drugs in the form of ointments. That is why many lotions and creams should not be applied on the delicate and sensitive skin around the eyes. After contact with such substances are distorted immune response and inflammatory response begins.<br />
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Other causes include systemic allergic reactions such as conjunctivitis, wherein the inflammation can be located on the eyelids and under the eyes, and insect bites. However, it should be noted that allergic dermatitis age is extremely rare.<br />
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In connection with this disease, the symptoms which resemble allergic dermatitis age, is more serious causes. For example, it may be a bacterial and viral infection that occurs around the eye with a cold, or in the case of household items from another person (cosmetics, sunglasses, contact lenses, towel, etc.).<br />
<h2>
Symptoms of allergic dermatitis century</h2>
Atopic dermatitis century has the following symptoms:<br />
<ul>
<li>First, the redness of the skin on the eyelids and around the eyes, accompanied by severe itching; sometimes over and under the eyes may appear blisters filled with fluid (these features are also characteristic of blepharitis, conjunctivitis and other infectious diseases of the eye);</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Secondly, swelling around the eyes; It is enhanced by rubbing the eyes because of severe itching, so you need to try not to touch your eyes; the more that dirty hands can carry infection, which is treated much more difficult;</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Third, in some cases, additional symptoms occur such as excessive tearing.</li>
</ul>
Furthermore, symptoms usually appear suddenly after use of new cosmetics, lotions, medicines, etc.<br />
<h2>
Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis century</h2>
Diagnosis of the disease is carried out by ophthalmologists. It includes visual inspection and detailed questioning. Diagnosis is also aimed at checking and elimination of infectious diseases of the skin on the eyelids and eyes water, which will confirm the age of allergic dermatitis. Diagnosis may also include special allergy tests.<br />
<h2>
Treatment of traditional methods of atopic dermatitis century</h2>
Treatment of atopic dermatitis dermatologist assigned only after diagnosis confirms the disease. If it will not allergic dermatitis century, and any infection, self-treatment with medicines will allow micro-organisms to develop intensively.<br />
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Traditional treatment is carried out with ointments (topical treatment is considered to be the most effective) on the basis of human steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex. This may be mometasone, flumethasone, Mazipredon other means. A thin layer of the ointment applied to the skin under the eyes or eyelids from 1 to 3 times a day for a week and symptoms must decrease. Preference is given to exactly ointments, creams typically contain as additional substances that might enhance their own allergic dermatitis century.<br />
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Another important condition - is to stop using all of any cosmetic or skin care around the eyes. And after the completion of treatment, disappear when all the signs, it is better to replace all the usual special hypoallergenic cosmetics to prevent the recurrence of the disease.<br />
<h2>
Traditional methods of treatment of atopic dermatitis century</h2>
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Atopic dermatitis century, as well as any allergic disease, can not be treated with folk remedies, since the proposed recipe may contain irritants. They, in turn, may increase the inflammation of the skin around the eyes and thereby exacerbate immune response. In extreme cases, the treatment can be performed by applying wet cool compresses (swab moistened with water) to soothe the skin.<br />
<h2>
Prevention of allergic dermatitis century</h2>
Proper preventive maintenance allows to completely avoid such diseases as atopic dermatitis century. In the first place prevention includes mandatory sample of each new purchased funds. For this small amount, for example, mascara or medicinal ointment is applied to the fold of the elbow or forearm from the inside (it is as sensitive as the eyelids). The sample is considered negative if after 30 minutes did not show signs of allergy - redness and itching.<br />
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In addition to application to the skin around the eyes is recommended to use hypoallergenic cosmetics, creams, etc. Prevention of allergic dermatitis century also implies strict observance of rules of personal hygiene. In addiction to the appearance of dermatitis on the eyelids and under the eyes should refrain from using someone else's makeup, glasses and towels.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-54714809950819473762016-09-03T16:28:00.001-07:002016-09-03T16:31:18.167-07:00Vascular encephalopathy<h2>
What is the brain encephalopathy</h2>
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Encephalopathy - non-inflammatory diseases of the brain. As a result, various diseases and pathologies impaired cerebral blood supply, there is brain tissue anoxia. Due to the lack of oxygen, nerve cells die, the brain areas are turned off from work and there encephalopathy.<br />
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The disease is congenital and acquired:<br />
<ul>
<li>Congenital encephalopathy, cerebral vessels arises from the generic intracranial injury, abnormalities of brain development during pregnancy transferred infection.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Acquired encephalopathy occurs in adults as a result of disease or injury.</li>
</ul>
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<h2>
The symptoms of encephalopathy</h2>
Symptoms of the disease include sleep disturbances, fatigue, headaches, tinnitus, irritability, confusion, impaired coordination. Man gets tired quickly, it is deteriorating eyesight and hearing may be seeing double, dramatically change the mood. The patient deteriorated mental ability, memory: he forgets where was going, or does not remember events from the past. In some cases, psychiatric disorders are observed: hallucinations, delusional disorders.<br />
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In severe lesions of the brain encephalopathy, the following symptoms: anxiety, headache (usually in the neck), nausea, blurred vision, dizziness, numbness, weakness. Man falls into depression, become apathetic, hardly speaks a few words, it narrows the range of interests.<br />
<h2>
When you need to see a doctor</h2>
Urgently contact your doctor if you:<br />
<ul>
<li>sharply felt strong unexplained headache;</li>
<li>lose his balance, came the urge to vomit;</li>
<li>feel numbness of the face, legs or arms;</li>
<li>difficulty speaking and understanding speech;</li>
<li>suddenly became ill see;</li>
<li>difficulty swallowing.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
The dangerous encephalopathy</h2>
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Complications of the disease depends on the extent of brain damage. The disease leads to the violation of intellectual abilities, problems with movement, muscle tone and speech. In severe cases of encephalopathy, cerebral vessels can cause coma and even death.<br />
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Hepatic encephalopathy is untreated causes swelling of the brain with a hernia. Uremic encephalopathy leads to apathy, hallucinations, muscle twitching, convulsions.<br />
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a heart attack or brain hemorrhage often develops on the background of vascular encephalopathy. The severe consequences of the disease - stroke. It leads to violations of sensitivity, coordination, speech and mental disorder. <br />
<h2>
Diagnostics</h2>
The sooner a patient diagnosed with encephalopathy, the more effective the treatment will be. In a variety of symptoms of the disease, it is impossible to determine on their own. When sleep disturbance, memory, lethargy, contact a specialist.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-43974059988190618552016-09-03T03:08:00.003-07:002016-09-03T03:08:40.294-07:00Aortic angiogram<h2>
The first symptoms of the disease</h2>
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Peripheral arteries - the arteries of the lower and upper extremities. Most often, at atherosclerosis and other pathological states of the peripheral arteries of the lower limbs are affected artery.<br />
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The main symptom of lower limb arterial disease is pain in the legs when walking. Pain may occur in the hips, buttocks, knees, legs and feet, depending on the level of destruction of leg arteries. The incidence of peripheral arterial disease increases with age. At every third elderly person has a disease of the lower limb arteries over 70 years. Smoking and diabetes is several times increases the likelihood of developing this disease.<br />
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The most important in the body vessel is the aorta which branches into two parts, which are called the iliac arteries. Further, these arteries are divided into thigh, which supply blood to the lower limbs up to the fingertips.<br />
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Normally, the inner wall of the arteries smooth. However, with age as it is formed on the inner wall of atherosclerotic plaques narrows the lumen of the arteries and blood flow to the lower extremities deteriorates. The more of these plaques, the more pronounced narrowing of the arteries, and the stronger the manifestation of their disease. Eventually, such a state develops as chronic arterial insufficiency, which means lack of arterial blood flow to the tissues.<br />
<h2>
Indications for angiography</h2>
<ul>
<li>lower limb vascular disease (atherosclerosis, arterial aneurysms, deep vein thrombosis)</li>
<li>diabetic foot syndrome</li>
<li>occlusive disease of the aorta and iliac vessels</li>
<li>abdominal aortic aneurysm</li>
</ul>
<b>Indications for angiography of the arteries of the lower extremities are determined by the attending physician, who appoints the necessary tests and studies, such as:</b><br />
<ul>
<li>blood tests: general, blood group, of Rh-factor (Rh-affiliation), RW, HIV tests for hepatitis B and C</li>
<li>ultrasonic duplex scanning of the lower limb</li>
</ul>
<h2>
The course operations</h2>
During the procedure, directly next to the patient and the anesthesiologist is kardioreanimatolog.<br />
<br />
A study is under local anesthesia. Area catheterization is processed according to the rules of antisepsis. After the puncture site (puncture) the vessel about 1-2mm. introduced into the vessel sheath (a special plastic tube, allowing insert and remove the catheter, and others. Tools without undue injury to the vessel at the puncture site).<br />
<br />
A catheter is introduced into the vessel radiopaque drug and at the same time for a given program starts high-speed X-ray photography.<br />
<br />
When angiography is carried out constant monitoring, as the course of the procedure and the patient's condition.<br />
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Throughout the patient is in the minds of the procedure that allows professionals to maintain regular contact, to determine the condition of the patient and prevent complications. The duration is usually about a few hours or more.<br />
<br />
After removal of the catheter to the area puncture compressive bandage is applied, and on the day appointed by bed rest. On the first day needs enhanced drinking regime to improve excretion of contrast agents (1-1.5 liters of mineral water without gas).<br />
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Due to the minimally invasive procedure, the rehabilitation period does not exceed one day.Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6871430525345020230.post-11529894692032872892016-09-03T02:58:00.002-07:002016-09-03T02:58:37.828-07:00Ankle swelling after walking<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Basically, such a problem as the <b>swelling of the legs near the ankles</b> of women are concerned. After all, as a result spoiled the appearance of their legs, and it is impossible to wear a dress or skirt. There are problems and with the choice of footwear. Narrow shoes or boots can simply not fastened or strongly squeeze the legs, which often leads to numbness. In general, any swelling - this accumulation of excess fluid in a particular area. Most often they appear just in the feet and ankles. There are many ways on how to deal with this problem.<br />
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<h2>
What could be the causes of ankle swelling</h2>
The main cause of edema in the ankle region are mainly a variety of disease or disorder of certain processes in the body. They can be very dangerous. For example, congestive heart failure. That is why this problem is always necessary to pay attention, because it can tell a man of serious disorders and diseases of the organism. Including renal or hepatic failure, as well as lung disease.<br />
<br />
If you do not pay attention to the signs of the organism, in the future the disease can manifest itself already more active and serious and lead to numerous human health problems.<br />
<br />
Another common cause of edema - is transferred before any leg infection, thyroid problems, blood clots, venous insufficiency in chronic and varicose veins.<br />
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A less dangerous reasons - it bites Some insects, skin burns on his feet and even malnutrition. Sometimes ankles swell after taking any medication. It expresses the individual reaction to a new drug.<br />
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The accumulation of excess fluid and can cause long-term stay in the same position, especially on hot days. And, of course, the swelling is often concerned about the future mothers.<br />
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It should be noted that self pinpoint the cause of this unpleasant phenomenon is difficult. To do this, hold a number of different surveys. Man, as a rule, appointed to do a cardiogram, X-rays, to examine the kidneys and liver, as well as to give blood and urine samples.<br />
<h2>
Arthritis or subluxation of the joint with the further development of osteoarthritis</h2>
If your doctor has set one of these causes swelling of the ankle, the patient needs urgent treatment. As a rule, in addition to arthritis inflamed ankles and other joints. Not only does it swells, but still hurts, especially at night, towards morning. But in the daytime pain only visible when walking and much less pronounced.<br />
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If the time is not right to start competent treatment, the consequences for the patient may be the most pitiable.<br />
<h2>
After running</h2>
Sometimes, the swelling in the area occurs after intensive sports training, especially after the run. This occurs most often as a result of wearing incorrect uncomfortable shoes. That is why it is very important to carefully choose running shoes for physical activity. Modern sports shops offer their customers a special running shoes. However, many people ignore such proposals, considering that for this purpose you can use any shoes.<br />
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In fact, sports shoes should be created with all the features of the human body so that the load on it is optimally distributed.<br />
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In addition, physical activity should be individually selected for each person. Do not overload yourself too and run around the stadium to the last breath. In the measure is necessary.<br />
<h2>
From the bite</h2>
Sometimes after the bite of an insect in the area there is a noticeable swelling of the ankles. For a start it is necessary to try to remove with the help of ice. To this ice wrapped in a thick fabric, and then applied to the bite site. The same area is also possible to wipe any alcohol tincture. Alcohol not only disinfects, but still able to stop the bleeding and anesthetize the wound site.<br />
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When sting venom injected into the skin, and then there is swelling and redness appears. To strengthen it, the wound should not be touched, let alone scratching. This increase during their healing. Get rid of the itching will help warm water and baking soda, which can be cleaned with the bite.<br />
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Swelling after insect bite in the ankle can be stored for very long, up to 2-3 weeks, which sometimes leads to problems with blood vessels as a result of circulatory disorders. So do not leave the problem to chance.<br />
<h2>
Stretching ankle ligaments</h2>
In this tension manifested swelling very quickly, because bleeding occurs. The person feels severe pain in the art, it is especially pronounced, if we try to deploy inward stop. Help the patient in this case can only experienced specialist. Self-medication to engage in any case can not be under tension.<br />
<h2>
Fractures</h2>
And, of course, the swelling may indicate a fracture of a bone. As a result, the <b>ankle fracture</b>, it can immediately very swollen. Decide fracture it or simply strong stretch is only by a doctor. Perhaps it will take a picture and just any survey.<br />
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Folk remedies to reduce puffiness<br />
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If no serious reasons for the swelling there, you can try to simply reduce the amount of water drunk each day, as well as to use less salt. The best thing at the time of treatment to completely eliminate from your diet alcohol.<br />
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You can, for example, freeze chamomile broth cubes and then wipe them edema places. And always at the end of the day to give the legs a rest, putting them on a small hill.<br />
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To help cope with the swelling and can special salt baths, where the temperature does not exceed 35 degrees, and the alternation of hot and cold shower.<br />
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If you always keep an eye on their health and only wear comfortable shoes of high quality, then such problems will never bother you. Kirylhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14505513309510920940noreply@blogger.com0